Exploring Occupational Stress Among Intensive Care Units Nurses in Saudi Arabia Using the Health and Safety Executive Management Standards Indicator Tool

Figures & data

Table 1 Organizational Data Set - Rules Governing Color Coding Cut-Offs for Each Standard.

	Red (Urgent Action Needed)	Yellow (Clear Need for Improvement)	Aqua (Good but Needs Improvement)	Green (Doing Very Well—Need to Maintain Performance)
Factor	< 20th Percentile	≥ 20th and < 50th Percentile	≥ 50th and < 80th Percentile	≥ 80th Percentile
Demands	< 2.93	≥ 2.93 and < 3.10	≥ 3.10 and < 3.29	≥ 3.29
Control	< 3.22	≥ 3.22 and < 3.47	≥ 3.47 and < 3.72	≥ 3.72
Managers’ support	< 3.27	≥ 3.27 and < 3.46	≥ 3.46 and < 3.65	≥ 3.65
Peer support	< 3.62	≥ 3.62 and < 3.78	≥ 3.78 and < 3.88	≥ 3.88
Relationship	< 3.61	≥ 3.61 and < 3.84	≥ 3.84 and < 4.03	≥ 4.03
Role	< 4.03	≥ 4.03 and < 4.18	≥ 4.18 and < 4.31	≥ 4.31
Change	< 2.79	≥ 2.79 and < 3.04	≥ 3.04 and < 3.24	≥ 3.24

Notes: Adapted from Health, Executive S. HSE management standards indicator tool user manual; 2018. Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/.²⁹

Table 2 Sociodemographic Characteristics

Characteristic		N (%)
Gender	Male	56 (46.7)
	Female	64 (53.3)
Age	19–24 y	10 (8.3)
	25–34 y	72 (60)
	35–45 y	34 (28.3)
	>45	4 (3.3)
Education	Diploma	30 (25)
	Bachelor degree	74 (61.7)
	Postgraduate degree	16 (13.3)
Years of experience	0–5 y	36 (30)
	6–10 y	66 (55)
	> 10 y	18 (15)
Place of residence	Urban	90 (75)
	Rural	30 (25)
Marital status	Single	44 (36.7)
	Married	72 (60)
	Divorced	4 (3.3)
Monthly income	< 10,000 SR	42 (35)
	10,000–15,000 SR	50 (41.7)
	15,000–20,000 SR	14 (11.7)
	> 20,000 SR	14 (11.7)
Weekly overtime (hours)	0–5 hrs	80 (66.7)
	6–10 hrs	18 (15)
	>10 hrs	22 (18.3)

Table 3 Summary of the HSE Management Standards

Standards	Mean	(SD)	Benchmark*	Indication
Demands	3.02	0.949	≥20th and < 50th percentile ≥ 2.93 and < 3.10	Clear need for improvement
Control	3.19	1.067	< 20th percentile < 3.22	Urgent action needed
Manager support	3.17	1.161	< 20th percentile < 3.27	Urgent action needed
Peer support	3.73	0.922	≥20th and < 50th percentile ≥ 3.62 and < 3.78	Clear need for improvement
Relationships	3.69	1.082	≥20th and < 50th percentile ≥ 3.61 and < 3.84	Clear need for improvement
Roles	3.71	1.017	< 20th percentile (< 4.0.3)	Urgent action needed
Change	3.13	1.317	≥ 50th and < 80th percentile ≥ 3.04 and < 3.24	Good but needs improvement

Notes: *The benchmarks were obtained from the HSE Management Standards Indicator Tool user manual, based on data from 136 organizations that have completed the survey.

Table 4 Mean (SD) Scores for Each Standard Based on Sociodemographic Characteristics

Characteristic	Demands	Control	Manager Support	Peer Support	Relationships	Roles	Change
Gender^a
Male	3.3 (0.9)	3.4 (1.0)	3.4 (1.1)	4.0 (0.9)	3.7 (1.2)	3.6 (1.1)	4.0 (0.9)
Female	3.4 (1.0)	3.0 (1.1)	3.0 (1.2)	3.5 (0.9)	3.7 (0.9)	2.7 (1.4)	3.4 (1.0)
p-value	0.703	0.144	0.246	0.064	0.975	0.005	0.029
Age^b
19–24 y	3.6 (1.1)	3.7 (0.8)	3.9 (0.6)	4.4 (0.6)	4.3 (0.6)	3.7 (0.8)	4.6 (0.6)
25–34 y	3.3 (1.0)	3.1 (1.1)	2.9 (1.3)	3.6 (0.9)	3.6 (1.1)	3.0 (1.4)	3.6 (1.0)
35–45 y	3.3 (0.8)	3.2 (1.1)	3.4 (0.9)	3.7 (1.1)	3.5 (1.0)	3.2 (1.3)	3.8 (1.0)
>45	3.6 (0.7)	3.8 (1.6)	3.6 (0.8)	4.1 (1.2)	4.4 (0.9)	4.0 (1.4)	4.0 (1.4)
p-value	0.895	0.511	0.238	0.34	0.381	0.505	0.213
Education^b
Diploma	3.7 (0.8)	3.3 (0.9)	3.2 (1.1)	3.7 (1.0)	3.9 (0.9)	3.3 (1.3)	3.8 (1.0)
Bachelor degree	3.3 (1.0)	3.2 (1.1)	3.2 (1.3)	3.9 (0.8)	3.8 (1.2)	3.2 (1.4)	3.7 (1.1)
Postgraduate degree	2.8 (0.6)	2.6 (1.0)	2.9 (0.9)	3.0 (1.0)	2.8 (0.5)	2.5 (1.1)	3.5 (0.6)
p-value	0.092	0.293	0.805	0.035	0.032	0.373	0.824
Experience^b
0–5 y	3.4 (1.0)	3.2 (1.1)	3.2 (1.3)	4.0 (0.8)	3.8 (1.1)	3.2 (1.4)	3.7 (1.1)
6–10 y	3.0 (1.1)	2.6 (1.2)	2.8 (1.1)	2.9 (1.1)	3.5 (0.9)	2.3 (1.3)	3.6 (0.9)
> 10 y	3.3 (0.7)	3.4 (0.8)	3.3 (0.9)	3.7 (0.9)	3.5 (1.1)	3.4 (1.1)	3.8 (0.9)
p-value	0.534	0.181	0.633	0.012	0.577	0.111	0.87
Place of residence^a
Urban	3.6 (0.9)	3.9 (0.9)	3.9 (0.9)	4.2 (0.7)	4.1 (0.9)	3.8 (1.1)	4.2 (1.0)
Rural	3.2 (1.0)	3.0 (1.0)	2.9 (1.1)	3.6 (0.9)	3.5 (1.1)	2.9 (1.3)	3.6 (1.0)
p-value	0.168	0.004	0.004	0.01	0.067	0.033	0.047
Marital status^b
Single	3.4 (0.9)	3.5 (1.0)	3.5 (1.3)	4.0 (0.8)	4.1 (0.7)	3.4 (1.2)	4.0 (1.0)
Married	3.2 (1.0)	2.9 (1.1)	2.9 (1.0)	3.6 (1.0)	3.4 (1.2)	2.9 (1.4)	3.5 (1.0)
Divorced	3.9 (1.3)	3.8 (0.0)	3.9 (0.1)	3.6 (0.2)	4.5 (0.7)	4.0 (0.0)	4.1 (0.1)
p-value	0.43	0.078	0.105	0.172	0.02	0.249	0.257
Monthly income^b(Saudi Arabian Riyal)
< 10,000	3.4 (1.0)	3.5 (0.9)	3.4 (1.3)	4.0 (0.7)	4.0 (0.9)	3.4 (1.2)	4.0 (0.9)
10,000–15,000	3.4 (1.0)	2.8 (1.0)	2.8 (1.2)	3.4 (0.9)	3.6 (1.2)	2.7 (1.4)	3.7 (0.4)
15,000–20,000	3.4 (0.7)	4.0 (1.0)	3.8 (0.8)	4.4 (0.8)	3.9 (1.2)	4.0 (1.3)	4.3 (1.0)
> 20,000	2.7 (0.6)	2.6 (1.0)	3.2 (0.4)	3.2 (0.9)	2.9 (0.5)	2.8 (1.0)	3.3 (1.1)
p-value	0.277	0.007	0.109	0.01	0.096	0.067	0.023
Weekly overtime^b (hours)
0–5 hrs	3.3 (0.9)	3.4 (1.1)	3.4 (1.1)	3.9 (0.9)	3.8 (1.2)	3.4 (1.2)	3.9 (0.9)
6–10 hrs	3.4 (1.0)	3.5 (0.9)	3.2 (0.9)	3.6 (1.1)	3.6 (1.1)	3.6 (1.0)	4.0 (1.0)
>10 hrs	3.3 (1.1)	2.2 (0.5)	2.1 (0.9)	3.2 (0.6)	3.4 (0.7)	1.8 (1.2)	2.7 (0.9)
p-value	0.979	0.003	0.003	0.049	0.507	0.001	0.001

Notes: ^aMann–Whitney U-test. ^bKruskal–Wallis test. P-values marked with bold indicate statistically significant differences between the groups.

Table 5 Correlations Between the Mean Scores of the HSE Management Standards

	Demands	Control	Manager Support	Peer Support	Relationships	Roles	Change
Demands	–
Control	0.39**	–
Manager support	0.39**	0.76***	–
Peer support	0.34**	0.71***	0.82***	–
Relationships	0.61***	0.63***	0.61***	0.54***	–
Roles	0.34**	0.8***	0.86***	0.83***	0.55***	–
Change	0.2	0.77***	0.84***	0.8***	0.47***	0.86***	–

Notes: Statistically significant: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.

Figure 1 The most common sources of occupational stress cited by ICU nurses.

Figure 2 The most common recommendations to reduce occupational stress cited by ICU nurses.

Health, Executive S. HSE management standards indicator tool user manual; 2018.

 Google Scholar