Time to Develop Phlebitis and Its Predictors Among Patients with Peripheral Intravenous Cannula at Public Hospitals of Bahir Dar City, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2022: A Prospective Observational Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Patients with PIVC at Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 462)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Sex	Male	219	47.40
	Female	243	52.60
Age	15–40	225	48.70
	41–60	134	29.00
	> 60	103	22.29
Residence	Urban	176	38.10
	Rural	286	61.90
Educational status	Unable read and write	213	46.10
	Able to read and write	62	13.42
	Up to elementary school	60	12.99
	Up to secondary school	57	12.34
	College and above	70	15.15
Occupational status	Unemployed	40	8.66
	Employed	58	12.55
	Merchant	77	16.67
	Farmer	239	51.73
	Student	48	10.39
Marital status	Single	87	18.83
	Married	302	65.37
	Divorced	33	7.14
	Widowed	40	8.66

Table 2 Clinical Related Characteristics of Patients with PIVC at Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 462)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Patient admitted with	One disease	277	59.96
	≥ two diseases	185	40.04
Known chronic disease	No	297	64.29
	Yes	165	35.71
Base line patient consciousness level	(≤ 8)	56	12.12
	(9–12)	123	26.62
	(>12)	283	61.26
Patient ambulation status	Ambulatory	319	69.05
	Not ambulatory	143	30.95
Drugs/medications administered through cannula	No	48	10.39
	Yes	414	89.61
Fluid administered through cannula	No	282	61.04
	Yes	180	38.96
Blood administered through cannula	No	377	81.60
	Yes	85	18.40
Drug and blood administered in one vein	No	372	80.52
	Yes	90	19.48

Table 3 Cannula-Related Characteristics of Patients with PIVC at Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia, 2022 (N = 462)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Cannula insertion site	Antecubital fossa	73	15.80
	Forearm	179	38.74
	Dorsum of hand	210	45.45
Cannula gauge size	20 gauge	221	47.84
	18 gauge	241	52.16
Cannulated Vein quality status	Good visible	353	76.41
	Poorly visible	109	23.59
Cannula insertion trial	One time	345	74.68
	More than one time	117	25.32
Cannula dressing status	Appropriate	222	48.05
	Not appropriate	240	51.95
Cannula dwelling time	≤ four days	233	50.43
	> four day	229	49.57

Table 4 Bi-Variable and Multi-Variable Cox Proportional Hazards Regression for the Predictors of Phlebitis Among Patients with PIVC at Bahir Dar City Public Hospitals, Amhara, Ethiopia

Variables	Categories	Phlebitis		CHR	AHR (95% CI)	P-value
		Event	Censored
Sex	Male	56	163	1	1
	Female	115	128	1.54	1.28 (0.91–1.80)	0.154
Age	15–40	83	142	1	1
	41–60	57	77	1.25	0.89 (0.59–1.31)	0.551
	> 60	31	72	0.84	0.49 (0.29–0.82)	0.008*
Known chronic disease	No	74	223	1	1
	Yes	97	68	1.64	1.50 (1.09–2.07)	0.014*
Patient ambulation	Able to ambulate	87	232	1	1
	Unable to ambulate	84	59	1.88	1.38 (0.98–1.93)	0.062
Drug administration	No	6	42	1	1
	Yes	165	249	2.85	1.88 (0.81–4.37)	0.145
Cannula insertion site	Antecubital fossa	24	49	1	1
	Forearm	62	117	1.29	1.04 (0.63–1.72)	0.881
	Dorsum of hand	85	125	1.69	1.01 (0.62–1.66)	0.968
Cannula gauge size	20 gauge	56	165	1	1
	18 gauge	115	126	1.64	1.52 (1.08–2.15)	0.017*
Cannula dressing status	Appropriate	65	157	1	1
	Not appropriate	106	134	1.67	1.81 (1.31–2.51)	< 0.001*
Cannula dwelling time	≤ four days	115	118	1	1
	> four days	56	173	5.38	7.39 (4.12–13.32)	< 0.001*
Drug and blood administered in one vein	No	95	277	1	1
	Yes	76	14	2.58	2.03 (1.44–2.86)	< 0.001*

Note: *Indicated significant predictors their p-value less than five percent.

Abbreviation: GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale.