Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for α-Mangostin

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the methodology used in this review.

Figure 2 Chemical structure of α-Mangostin.

Table 1 Chemical and Physical Properties of α-Mangostin^36,37

Property	Description
Chemical names	1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthen-9-one
Physical state	Solid
Colour/form	Faint yellow to yellow powder
Molecular formula	C24H26O6
Molecular weight	410.466 g/mol
Melting point	180–181ºC
Solubility	Soluble in ethanol; in water, 2.03 x 10^−4 mg/L at 25ºC
Log Kow	7.71 (estimated)
Stability/shelf life	Stable under normal temperatures and pressures
Decomposition	Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, irritating and toxic fumes and gases, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Dissociation constants	pKa 1 = 3.68 (primary carbonyl) pKa 2 = 7.69 (secondary carbonyl) pKa 3 = 9.06 (tertiary carbonyl)
Henry’s Law constant	2.05 x 10^−16 atm·m^3/mol at 25ºC

Figure 3 Nanoparticle drug delivery systems for α-mangostin.

Table 2 Recent Nanoparticle Formulations for Improved Water Solubility, Modified Release and Targeted Drug Delivery

No	Types of Nanoparticle	Excipients	Main Objective	Ref.
1	Nanoparticle-orodispersible films	Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate copolymer/HPMC-Glycerol	Modify the disintegration time and dissolution rate of drug particles loaded into ODFs	[^Citation46]
2	IL-polymer nanoparticle	PLGA/PVA	Formulate a hybrid IL-nanoparticle system to deliver a poorly soluble drug	[^Citation47]
3	Crystalline nanoparticle	HPC-dioctyl sulfosuccinate 141 Na	Improve solubility	[^Citation48]
4	Nanoparticle antisolvent crystallisation	Poloxamer 188 and solupus	Improve solubility and dissolution rate	[^Citation49]
5	Polymeric nanoparticle	Eudragit^® RL 100	Sustained release system	[^Citation50]
6	Gold (Au) nanoparticle	Au/Carrageenan oligosaccharide	pH-triggered anticancer drug release	[^Citation51]
7	Solid lipid nanoparticle	Decosanoic acid	Sustained release system	[^Citation52]
8	Polymeric nanoparticle	PLGA/hyaluronic acid	Controlled release and targeted drug delivery	[^Citation53]
9	Receptor-responsive nanoparticles	Amino terminal fragment (ATF) of human serum albumin (HSA)	Targeted to the urokinase receptor	[^Citation54]
10	Theranostic nanoparticle (metal nanoparticle)	Au/bovine serum albumin	Drug-dependent release and targeted drug delivery	[^Citation55]
11	Curdlan nanoparticle	Cyclodextrin	Intracellular release	[^Citation56]
12	Thermosensitive nanoparticle hydrogel (polymeric nanoparticle)	Amphiphilic copolymer poly(ε-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa [4.6]spiro-9-undecanone)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-1,4,8-trioxa [4.6]spiro-9-undecanone)	Sustained co-delivery and early local treatment drug delivery for peri–implantitis	[^Citation57]
13	Semi-solid prodrug nanoparticles	Polymer-surfactant	Long-acting delivery	[^Citation58]
14	Integrin-based nanoparticle (liposome)	Lipoid S100, cholesterol, mPEG2000-DSPE and Mal-PEG2000-DSPE	Targeted drug delivery for hepatic stellate cells	[^Citation59]
15	Nanoparticle-conjugated microbubble	1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC)- 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[succinyl(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE-PEG2k-NHS) and albumin	Targeted drug delivery for liver tumours	[^Citation60]
16	Silica nanoparticle (solid lipid nanoparticle)	(3-mercaptopropyl)-trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), β-mercaptoethylamine (MEA), Triton X-100 and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS)/indocyanine green (ICG)	Targeted drug delivery for breast cancer cells	[^Citation61]
17	Self-assembling nanoparticle (poly-lysine dendrimer)	Polyglutamic acid (PGA)-polylysine/folic acid hydrate	Targeted drug delivery for breast cancer cells	[^Citation62]
18	Nano-hybrids	Bovine serum albumin (BSA), N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl), N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC·HCl), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), phospholipid complex, cadmium chloride (CdCl2·2.5H2O), thioglycolic acid (TGA), and D-mannose.	Tumour-targeted drug delivery	[^Citation63]
19	Copper (Cu) nanoparticle (metal nanoparticle)	FeCl3, and CuCl2	In vivo–targeted molecular imaging	[^Citation64]
20	Fe3O4 nanoparticle (metal nanoparticle)	Fe3O4 (iron oxide)/mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)	Targeted delivery for lung cancer	[^Citation65]
21	Hollow Au nanoparticle (metal nanoparticle)	Human placental Au/MSCs	Targeted drug delivery	[^Citation66]
22	HSA nanoparticle	HSA/FA-N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)	Targeted to the folic acid receptor	[^Citation67]
23	Au nanoparticle (metal nanoparticle)	Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4)-mono protected poly(ethylene glycol)-amino poly(ethylene glycol) undecyl mercaptan/chitosan low molecular weight	Targeted treatment for acute renal failure	[^Citation68]
24	Hybrid nanocarriers (liposomes)	Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 1-oleoyl-2-[12-biotinyl(aminododecanoyl)]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	Targeted to hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines	[^Citation69]
25	Folate-modified nanoparticle (polymeric nanoparticle)	FA, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG-PLA) and DOTAP	Targeted gene delivery system	[^Citation70]

Table 3 Nanoparticle Formulations of α-Mangostin

Formulations	Ingredients	Methods	Ref.
Polymeric Nanoparticles	PLGA	Colloidal extraction solvent evaporation	[^Citation74]
	Chitosan, PLGA	Colloidal extraction solvent evaporation	[^Citation75]
	PEG, PLA	Emulsion/solvent evaporation techniques	[^Citation76]
	PLGA	Double emulsion solvent evaporation method	[^Citation42]
	EC-MC	Spray drying	[^Citation77]
	Chitosan, alginate and genipin	Ionotropic gelation method	[^Citation78]
	β-cyclodextrin	Inclusion complex technique	[^Citation79]
	β-cyclodextrin-chitosan	Inclusion complex	[^Citation80]
	β-cyclodextrin	Inclusion complex	[^Citation81]
Nanomicelles	PVP	Solvent evaporation method	[^Citation82]
	MPEG and PLA	Single-step self-assembly method	[^Citation83]
	MPEG and PCL	Self-assembly method	[^Citation84]
Liposome nanoparticles	Transferrin	Thin film hydration	[^Citation85]
	Soya lecithin	Phase separation coacervation method	[^Citation86]
	Cholesterol, Tween 60 and ethanol	Film hydration method	[^Citation87]
Solid lipid nanoparticles	Lavender essential oil and cetyl palmitate	Hot and high-pressure homogenisation techniques	[^Citation88]
	PLGA and CD44 thioaptamer	Nanoprecipitation combined with self-assembly	[^Citation89]
Nanofibres	Thiolated chitosan	Electrospinning	[^Citation90]
	PVP	Electrospinning	[^Citation91]
Metal nanoparticles	Ag (silver)	Chemical reaction by using silver nitrate (AgNO3)	[^Citation92]
	Gold, PEI, cyclodextrin and tanshinone	Chemical reaction using polyethyleneimine (PEI)	[^Citation93]
Emulsion nanoparticle	Captex 200 P, Tween 80, carbopol 90 and silica	Solid self-emulsification	[^Citation94]
	Oleic acid, isopropyl myristate, Cremophor EL, Tween 80, carboxymethylcellulose sodium	Self-microemulsion	[^Citation31]

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