Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents

Figures & data

Figure 1 Schematic representation of stages of biofilm formation. Formation of biofilm begins with reversible and then with irreversible adhesion of planktonic cells to the surface. Bacteria start to multiply and form micro-colonies which develop into the mature biofilm. In the last stage, bacterial cells multiply quickly, and start to detach and disperse. This process enables the immotile bacteria to convert to motile forms that can help to spread and colonize new surfaces.

Figure 2 Schematic representation of phage mechanisms of biofilm destruction.

Figure 3 Phage-based treatment options in bacterial biofilm destructions.

Table 1 Examples of Combination of Phages or Phage-Derived Products and Antimicrobials Applications Against Bacterial Biofilm Formation

Phage/Phage-Derivative	Antimicrobial Agent Used	Biofilm Type	Results	Reference
Environmental phage-based cocktail	Antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Meropenem, Imipenem)	Acinetobacter baumannii in a human urine model	Reduction of biofilm biomass and clearance of persister cells	[^Citation100]
Bacteriophage Brsv	Amikacin	Proteus mirabilis 3059	Eradication of biofilm	[^Citation101]
Commercially available phages Sb-1 and PYO	Ciprofloxacin	Dual-species of S. aureus/P. aeruginosa	Complete eradication of dual-species biofilms	[^Citation102]
Phage EFLK1	Vancomycin	Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis	Reduction of biomass by 87%	[^Citation103]
Phage vB_PaeM_P6	Ciprofloxacin	P. aeruginosa	Inhibition of biofilm	[^Citation104]
Phage E79	Aztreonam lysine	P. aeruginosa PA01	Reduction in biofilm growth over 3-fold	[^Citation105]
Phage-encoded endolysin LysP108	Vancomycin	Methicillin-resistant S. aureus XN108	Inhibition of biofilm	[^Citation106]
Bacteriophage (Xccɸ1) -hydroxyapatite complex	Saturated long – chain fatty acids	Xanthomonas campestris in a flow cell system	Removal of biofilm	[^Citation107]
Phages KPO1K2	Divalent Co (II) ions	K. pneumoniae B5055	Significant reduction in biofilm	[^Citation108]
Mixture of RNA bacteriophages	Chorine	P. aeruginosa in a continuous flow system	Removal of biofilm by 97 ± 1%	[^Citation109]
Phage EC3a	Honey	E. coli	Removal of biofilm	[^Citation110]
phage ɸ44AHJD	Green synthesized silver nanoparticles	S. aureus	Rapid dispersion of biofilm	[^Citation111]
Phage-borne depolymerase	Chlorine dioxide	Klebsiella spp	Elimination of biofilm by 92%	[^Citation112]
T7Select phage	Antimicrobial peptide 1018	E. coli	Eradication of biofilm	[^Citation113]
P22 phage	EDTA and nisin	Salmonella Typhimurium	≥ 93.2% inhibition and 70% reduction of biofilm	[^Citation114]
Phage SA46-CTH2	Nisin	S. aureus	Reduction in biofilm	[^Citation115]
Phages PN05 and PN09	Carvacrol	P. syringae pv. actinidiae	Prevention of biofilm regrowth	[^Citation116]

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