An investigation of the longitudinal relationship between sleep and depressed mood in developing teens

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual model for the relationship between depression and sleep disturbance. Reproduced from Lovato N, Gradisar M. A meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: recommendations for future research and clinical practice. Sleep Med Rev. 2014;18(6):521–529.¹⁰

Abbreviations: SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; SWS, slow-wave sleep.

Table 1 Mean values (and standard deviation) and within-subject effect sizes for demographic, sleep, and depressed mood characteristics of the school-based sample

Predictor variable		Time 1	Time 2	Within-subject effect sizesa
Age		15.69 (0.92)	16.48 (0.94)**	–0.85
Sex (male)		89 (64%)	89 (64%)	0.00
CES-D		11.88 (9.50)	18.44 (13.94)**	–0.55
SOL (minutes)	School	34.35 (31.48)	27.81 (27.98)**	0.22
	Weekend	24.36 (24.87)	17.82 (16.54)**	0.31
TST (hours)	School	8.19 (1.18)	7.99 (1.11)*	0.17
	Weekend	9.35 (1.54)	9.19 (1.08)	0.12
WASO (minutes)	School	9.76 (22.15)	14.81 (32.85)	–0.18
	Weekend	9.74 (20.64)	19.83 (37.56)	–0.33

Notes:

a Effect sizes were calculated using Cohen’s d.

** ,≤0.001;

* ,≤0.05.

Abbreviations: CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

Table 2 Correlations among demographic and predictor variables at time 1 and 2

Predictors		Age	Sex	SOL		TST		WASO		CES-D
				School	Weekend	School	Weekend	School	Weekend
Predictors at time 1
Age			−0.06	−0.13	−0.04	−0.22**	−0.22**	0.07	0.00	0.06
Sex		−0.06		0.05	0.03		0.01	−0.04	0.03	0.05
SOL	School	−0.13	0.05		0.51**	−0.41**	−0.28**	0.15	0.06	0.12
	Weekend	−0.05	0.03	0.51**		0.29**	−0.08	0.12	−0.01	0.17*
TST	School	0.22*	−0.11	−0.41**	−0.29**		0.35**	−0.39**	−0.04	−0.36**
	Weekend	0.22*	0.01	−0.28**	−0.08	0.35**		−0.09	−0.30**	0.02
WASO	School	0.07	−0.04	0.15	0.12	0.39**	−0.09		0.26**	0.17*
	Weekend	0.00	0.03	0.06	−0.12	−0.04	−0.30**	0.26**		0.02
CES-D		0.06	0.05	0.12	0.17*	−0.36**	0.02	0.17a	0.05
Predictors at time 1 and 2
Age (2)		0.90**	−0.11	−0.13	−0.08	−0.20*	−0.18*	0.08	−0.01	0.05
Sex (2)		−0.07	0.96**	0.05	0.05	−0.13	0.03	−0.06	0.00	0.08
SOL (2)	School	−0.15	0.04	0.71**	0.47**	−0.25**	−0.22**	0.07	0.08	0.08
	Weekend	−0.13	0.19*	0.37**	0.43**	−0.10	−0.04	0.11	0.10	0.16
TST (2)	School	−0.15	−0.03	−0.31**	−0.18*	0.56**	0.32**	−0.16	−0.05	−0.23**
	Weekend	−0.16	0.02	−0.04	−0.09	0.15	0.49**	−0.06	−0.14	−0.07
WASO (2)	School	0.09	0.03	0.05	−0.03	−0.06	−0.08	0.12	0.10	−0.07
	Weekend	0.10	−0.10	−0.07	−0.04	0.01	−0.03	−0.01	−0.02	−0.00
CES-D (2)		0.01	0.12	0.13	0.16	0.29**	0.02	0.16	0.07	0.49**

Notes: (2) indicates time 2.

** P ≤0.001;

* P 0.05;

a 0.05.

Abbreviations: CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

Table 3 Sleep variables at time 1 that predict depressed mood at time 1 and 2.

Predictors at time 1		CES-D (Time l)	CES-D (Time 2)
		B	B
Age		0.01	–0.02
Sex		–0.01	0.08
CES-D		–	0.42**
SOL	School	–0.06	0.002
	Weekend	0.10	0.04
TST	School	–0.42**	–0.13
	Weekend	0.19*	0.08
WASO	School	–0.10	0.04
	Weekend	0.10	0.05

Notes:

* B value is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

** β-value is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

Abbreviations: CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

Table 4 Predictors of sleep at time 1 and 2.

Predictors	SOL (Time l)		TST (Time l)		WASO (Time l)		SOL (Time 2)		TST (Time 2)		WASO (Time 2)
	School	Weekend	School	Weekend	School	Weekend	School	Weekend	School	Weekend	School	Weekend
	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B	B
Age	–0.14	–0.06	–0.21**	–0.22**	0.06	0.00	–0.15	–0.13	–0.14	–0.15	0.10	0.09
Sex	0.04	0.02	–0.34**	–0.00	–0.05	0.02	0.03	0.18*	–0.03	0.10	0.04	–0.09
CES-D (l) +<0.07	0.12	0.17*	–0.11	0.03	0.16+	0.05	0.09	0.16+	–0.22*	–0.07	–0.08	0.01

Notes:

* B value is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tailed).

** B value is significant at the 0.01 level (two-tailed).

+ B value is significant at <0.07.

Abbreviations: CES-D, Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SOL, sleep onset latency; TST, total sleep time; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

LovatoNGradisarMA meta-analysis and model of the relationship between sleep and depression in adolescents: recommendations for future research and clinical practiceSleep Med Rev201418652152924857255

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