Short- and long-term health consequences of sleep disruption

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk factors contributing to sleep deprivation and disruption

Category	Risk factors
Lifestyle	• Consuming excessive amounts of caffeine
	• Drinking alcohol
	• Drug abuse
	• Shift work
	• Attending university
	• Jet lag
Environmental	• Excessive noise, such as industrial wind turbines
	• Excessive light
Psychosocial	• Anxiety, worry, and rumination
	• Parents of young children
	• Caregivers to a family member with a chronic, life-threatening, or terminal illness
Sleep disorder	• Insomnia
	• Obstructive sleep apnea
	• Restless leg syndrome
	• Narcolepsy
	• Circadian rhythm disorders
Medical conditions	• Pain
	• Restrictive lung disease
	• Chronic kidney disease
	• Diabetes
	• Neurodegenerative diseases
	• Psychiatric disorders
	• Use of certain medications

Note: Data from the following references.^2,6,15–19

Figure 1 Proposed mechanisms by which sleep disruption is thought to exert its detrimental short- and long-term effects.

Notes: ↑, increase; ↓, decrease. Data from the following references.^9,12,41–45
Abbreviations: ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; CO₂, carbon dioxide; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; IL, interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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