Sleep quality and circadian rhythm disruption in the intensive care unit: a review

Figures & data

Table 1 Overview of studies testing sleep promoting interventions in the ICU

Study	n	Design	Intervention	Sleep assessment method	Results
Scotto et al^Citation29	88	Quasi-experimental with random assignment	Earplugs	Subjective	↑Sleep quality
Van Rompaey et al^Citation30	136	Randomized trial	Earplugs	Subjective	↑Sleep quality
Richardson et al^Citation31	64	Posttest quasi-experimental	Earplugs and eye masks	Subjective	↑Sleep quality in some patients
Jones and Dawson^Citation32	100	Pre-/post-intervention service evaluation	Earplugs and eye masks	Subjective	↑Sleep quality
Le Guen et al^Citation33	41	Randomized trial	Earplugs and eye masks	Subjective and actigraphy	↑Sleep quality
Hu et al^Citation34	45	Randomized trial	Earplugs and eye masks combined with 30 min of relaxing music	Subjective	↑Sleep quality
Patel et al^Citation35	59	Cohort-based study, pre-/post-intervention evaluation	Multicomponent intervention	Subjective	↑Sleep quality
Foreman et al^Citation18	12	Randomized trial	Headphones and eye masks, and melatonin	PSG	Incomparable due to abnormal sleep EEG in many patients
Boyko et al^Citation20	17	Randomized crossover trial	Multicomponent intervention	PSG	Incomparable due to abnormal sleep EEG in many patients
Parthasarathy and Tobin^Citation36	11	Randomized crossover trial	Assist-control, PS and PS with added dead space	PSG	↑Sleep quality with assist control
Toublanc et al^Citation37	20	Randomized crossover trial	Assist-control and low PS	PSG	↑Sleep quality with assist control
Andrejak et al^Citation38	26	Randomized crossover trial	Pressure control ventilation and low PS	PSG	↑Sleep quality with pressure control
Roche-Campo et al^Citation39	16	Randomized crossover trial	Spontaneous ventilation and low PS	PSG	↑Sleep quantity with PS
Cabello et al^Citation40	15	Randomized crossover trial	Assist-control, clinically adjusted PS, and automatically adjusted PS	PSG	No difference
Delisle et al^Citation41	14	Randomized crossover trial	NAVA and PS	PSG	↑Sleep quality with NAVA
Fanfulla et al^Citation42	9	Randomized crossover trial	Noninvasive PS venti lation: usual and physiologic	PSG	↑Sleep quality with physiologic PS
Kondili et al^Citation44	12	Randomized trial	Propofol	PSG	↓Sleep quality
Alexopoulou et al^Citation48	13	Nonrandomized, patients their own controls	Dexmedetomidine	PSG	↑Sleep quality
Ibrahim et al^Citation64	32	Randomized trial	Melatonin	Subjective	No difference
Shilo et al^Citation63	8	Randomized trial	Melatonin	Actigraphy	↑Sleep quality
Bourne et al^Citation65	24	Randomized trial	Melatonin	Bispectral index	↑Sleep quality

Note: ↑, increased; ↓, decreased.

Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalography; ICU, intensive care unit; NAVA, neurally adjusted ventilation assist; PS, pressure support; PSG, polysomnography.

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