Relationships between sleep paralysis and sleep quality: current insights

Figures & data

Figure 1 Physiology associated with SP.

Notes: (A) Hypnograms of five participants reporting SP. Each arrow indicates the awakening points when the participant reported SP. Note the close association between SP and REM sleep. Taken from the study by Takeuchi et al.⁶⁵ (B) PSG recording during an SP episode. EEG shows REM activity mixed with abundant alpha. Both rapid and slow eye movements can be seen in the EOG channels. Muscle activity (measured by the EMG) remains flat throughout until the participant fully awakens at the end of the recording. Taken from the study by Takeuchi et al.¹⁵ (C) Spectral EEG data showing (clockwise from top-left) eyes closed waking, REM sleep, SP, and “reconstructed” SP by statistical combination of waking and REM sleep activity. Taken from the study by Terzaghi et al.⁶⁶ (D) The AIM state-space model.⁶⁹ SP is characterized by high activation, mixed internal/external input, and mixed neuromodulation.
Abbreviations: AIM, activation-input-modulation; FFT, fast Fourier transform; LD, lucid dreaming; NREM, nonrapid eye movement sleep; REM, rapid eye movement sleep; SP, sleep paralysis.

TakeuchiTFukudaKSasakiYInugamiMMurphyTIFactors related to the occurrence of isolated sleep paralysis elicited during a multi-phasic sleep-wake scheduleSleep2002251899611833865

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

TakeuchiTMiyasitaASasakiYInugamiMFukudaKIsolated sleep paralysis elicited by sleep interruptionSleep19921532172251621022

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

TerzaghiMRattiPLManniFManniRSleep paralysis in narcolepsy: more than just a motor dissociative phenomenon?Neurol Sci201233116917221647627

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HobsonJAREM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousnessNat Rev Neurosci2009101180381319794431

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar