A novel adhesive biosensor system for detecting respiration, cardiac, and limb movement signals during sleep: validation with polysomnography

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics and ECG analysis across individual subjects

Subject	Age (years)	M/F	BMI	Lead I readable %	Lead I RMSE (bpm)	Lead II readable %	Lead II RMSE (bpm)
19P0907	67	M	35.1	47	5	93	2
18P0907	42	M	24.9	72	3	13	2
20P0907	52	M	27.9	95	3	27	2
34P0907	53	M	33.7	39	6	55	1
24P0907	70	M	24.1	91	4	61	5
23P0907	62	M	30.2	88	4	81	4
28P0907	60	M	29.1	85	4	86	14
31P0907	33	F	19.7	50	6	81	7
30P0907	58	M	34.5	81	2	22	N/A
29P0907	57	F	32.9	21	3	98	2
17P0907	21	M	25.9	63	5	77	14
32P0907	51	F	34.6	47	10	67	2
33P0907	27	F	28.5	95	2	60	2
27P0907	67	F	38.3	17	4	53	21
26P0907	72	F	29.3	51	21	90	1
25P0907	67	M	25.1	75	4	44	3
21P0907	61	M	28.0	46	2	89	3
Cohort	54.12	11M/6F	29.5	61	5	67	5

Abbreviations: ECG, electrocardiography; M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; RMSE, root mean square error; bpm, beats per minute; N/A, not applicable.

Table 2 Demographics and respiration analysis across individual subjects

Subject	Age (years)	M/F	BMI	Readable (% record)	RMSE (min−^Citation1)	MAE (min−^Citation1)
17P0907	21	M	25.9	78	1.59	0.21
18P0907	42	M	24.9	79	1.61	0.23
19P0907	67	M	35.0	71	2.87	0.61
20P0907	52	M	27.9	80	1.58	0.06
21P0907	61	M	28.0	70	1.22	0.26
22P0907	60	M	22.4	72	2.60	0.75
23P0907	62	M	30.2	71	1.38	0.03
24P0907	70	M	24.1	62	2.25	0.40
25P0907	67	M	25.1	69	1.53	0.64
27P0907	67	F	38.3	51	2.95	0.04
31P0907	33	F	19.7	81	2.06	0.04
33P0907	27	F	28.5	76	1.76	0.02
38P0907	73	M	30.0	77	0.92	0.04
42P0907	28	F	39.3	79	1.99	0.42
45P0907	56	F	20.4	88	1.30	0.13
Cohort	52	10M/5F	28.0	74	1.84	0.26

Abbreviations: M, male; F, female; BMI, body mass index; RMSE, root mean square error; MAE, mean average error.

Figure 1 Respiration measurements.

Notes: (A) Overlaid calculations of respiratory rate (RR) from the BiostampRC^® system (red dots) and the PSG recording (blue dots) for a full night of recording in the lab. (B) Overlaid raw (blue) and filtered (green) signal of respiration from the BiostampRC^®.

Figure 2 Electrocardiogram measurements.

Notes: Overlaid raw signals from the ECG of the PSG recording (blue) and the ECG measured by the BiostampRC^® (red) placed at Lead II position on the chest.

Figure 3 Limb movement detection example.

Notes: The anterior tibialis EMG signals from the BiostampRC^® (blue) and PSG system (red) are shown in A. The black bars in B and C represent identified contractions.

Figure 4 ROC curve for PLMS detection.

Notes: Each vertical bar is 2 seconds duration (the entire segment is just over 2 minutes of recording). The signals are color coded according to the legend in the top left. For example, the first upward deflection of the BiostampRC® (left side of tracing) was not seen by the PSG sensor, and thus is a false positive limb movement detection. The blue and red horizontal lines near the bottom of the plot are the thresholds (“limit” in the legend), relative to baseline noise, used by the algorithm for event detection. There are no false negatives in this image. Edges where signal falls below threshold adjacent to suprathreshold segments are shown for illustrative purposes only, but are not considered in the algorithm (see Methods section).

Figure S1 Schematic of signal processing of respiration signals.

Abbreviations: AXL, accelerometer; BRC, BiostampRC^® sensor system; LP, low pass; PCA, principle component analysis; RMSE, root mean square error; RR, respiration rate; x, y, z, axes of the accelerometer; SQI, signal quality index.

Figure S2 BiostampRC^® device.

Note: Left, position on the lower leg; Right, close-up view of one device.

Figure S3 The true positive (TP) rate (ie, sensitivity) is shown on the y-axis, and the FP rate (ie, 1-speciificity) is shown on the x-axis

Abbreviations: AUC, area under the curve; EMG, electromyography; PSG, polysomnography; RMS, root mean square; TP, true positive.

KushidaCALittnerMRMorgenthalerTPractice parameters for the indications for polysomnography and related procedures: an update for 2005Sleep200528449952316171294

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