Immune-mediated comorbidities in Saudi patients with narcolepsy

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of narcolepsy patients and controls

Variable	Mean ± SE/n (%)		p-Value
	Case (n=80)	Control (n=222)
Age (years)	34.6±1.6	36.6±0.9	0.143
Age groups (years)
18–30	32 (40)	89 (40.1)	0.781
31–40	19 (23.8)	61 (27.5)
41–50	10 (12.5)	25 (11.3)
>50	12 (15)	36 (16.2)
Sex (males)	67 (84)	158 (71.2)	0.107
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	28.6±0.7	27.7±0.4	0.187

Table 2 A comparison between the demographic characteristics and personal and family history of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders in narcolepsy NT1, NT2, and controls

Variable	Mean ± SE/n (%)			p-Value	Model 0				Model 1
	NT1 (n=56)	NT2 (n=24)	Control (n=222)		NT2 vs Control		NT1 vs NT2		NT1 vs NT2
					OR [95% CI]	p-Value	OR [95% CI]	p-Value	OR [95% CI]	p-Value
Sex (male)	46 (82.1)	21 (87.5)	158 (71.2)	0.076	2.835 [0.817–9.838]	0.101	0.657 [0.164–2.637]	0.554
Age (years)	32±1.9	40.6±2.4	37.2±0.9	0.001*	1.019 [0.989–1.05]	0.227	0.956 [0.922–0.992]	0.018*
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.7±0.9	25.8±0.9	27.9±0.4	0.022*	0.919 [0.839–1.007]	0.070	1.122 [1.023–1.23]	0.015*
Personal history
Autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases	12 (21.4)	8 (33.3)	27 (12.2)	0.010*	3.611 [1.412–9.238]	0.007*	0.545 [0.189–1.577]	0.263	0.644 [0.199–2.09]	0.464
Allergic disorders	31 (55.4)	11 (45.8)	61 (27.5)	<0.001*	2.233 [0.949–5.253]	0.066	1.465 [0.561–3.829]	0.435	2.761 [0.855–8.919]	0.090
Family historyc
Autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases	11 (19.6)	5 (20.8)	17 (7.7)	0.010*	3.173 [1.054–9.556]	0.040*	0.929 [0.284–3.039]	0.903	0.717 [0.2–2.568]	0.609
Allergic disorders	28 (50)	13 (54.2)	67 (30.2)	0.003*	2.734 [1.166–6.413]	0.021*	0.846 [0.324–2.207]	0.733	0.657 [0.227–1.898]	0.438

Notes: For the comparison of NT2 vs NT1 and we defined a “model 0” as crude associations and “model 1” adjusted for age, and BMI. For the comparison between NT1 and controls, we defined a “model 1” adjusted for age, and a “model 2” adjusted for age and BMI.

*p < 0.05.

Abbreviations:  NT1, narcolepsy type 1 (with cataplexy); NT2, narcolepsy type 2 (without cataplexy).

Table 3 Number of autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases and allergic disorders in NT1, NT2, and control groups

Variable^a	n (%)
	NT1 (n=56)	NT2 (n=24)	Control (n=222)
Autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases
Alopecia areata	8 (14.3)	3 (12.5)	9 (4.1)
Psoriasis	2 (3.6)	1 (4.2)	2 (0.9)
Autoimmune thyroid disease (Hashimoto)	3 (5.4)	2 (8.3)	2 (0.9)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.9)
Sjogren’s syndrome	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Ankylosing spondylitis	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (0.9)
Multiple sclerosis	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Systemic lupus erythematosus	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Graves’ disease	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.5)
Vitiligo	0 (0)	1 (4.2)	6 (2.7)
Celiac disease	0 (0)	2 (8.3)	1 (0.5)
Rheumatic fever	0 (0)	1 (4.2)	0 (0)
Rheumatoid arthritis	2 (3.6)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Allergic disorders
Drug allergy	0 (0)	0 (0)	3 (1.4)
Food allergy	4 (7.1)	3 (12.5)	8 (3.6)
Allergic conjunctivitis	2 (3.6)	1 (4.2)	1 (0.5)
Skin allergy	6 (10.7)	1 (4.2)	6 (2.7)
Asthma	5 (8.9)	4 (16.7)	23 (10.4)
Allergic rhinitis	14 (25)	8 (33.3)	17 (7.7)
Eczema	9 (16.1)	2 (8.3)	13 (5.9)

Note: ^aPatients may have more than one disease.

Abbreviations:  NT1, narcolepsy type 1 (with cataplexy); NT2, narcolepsy type 2 (without cataplexy).

Table 4 A comparison between the demographic characteristics and personal and family history of autoimmune diseases and allergic disorders in narcolepsy type 1 (NT) and controls

Variable			Model 0		Model 1		Model 2
	NT1 (n=56)	Control (n=222)	OR [95% CI]	p-Value	OR [95% CI]	p-Value	OR [95% CI]	p-Value
Sex	46 (82.1)	158 (71.2)	1.863 [0.886–3.917]	0.101
Age (years)	32±1.9	37.2±0.9	0.967 [0.942–0.993]	0.012*
BMI (kg/m^2)	29.7±0.9	27.9±0.4	1.053 [1.003–1.105]	0.038*
Personal history
Autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases	12 (21.4)	27 (12.2)	1.97 [0.926–4.189]	0.078	2.298 [1.055–5.008]	0.036	2.016 [0.911–4.461]	0.084
Allergic disorders	31 (55.4)	61 (27.5)	3.273 [1.79–5.985]	<0.001	3.385 [1.831–6.26]	<0.001	3.208 [1.724–5.97]	<0.001
Family history
Autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases	11 (19.6)	5 (20.8)	2.948 [1.293–6.721]	0.010	3.017 [1.307–6.962]	0.010	2.641 [1.124–6.205]	0.026
Allergic disorders	28 (50)	13 (54.2)	2.313 [1.273–4.203]	0.006	2.348 [1.28–4.305]	0.006	2.194 [1.185–4.06]	0.012

Notes: Model 0, crude associations; Model 1, adjusted for age; Model 2, adjusted for age and BMI.

*p <0.05.

Table 5 Comparison between narcolepsy patients with and without autoimmune/autoinflammatory diseases

Variable Total n=80	Mean ± SE/n (%)		p-Value
	Autoimmune diseases (Yes) (n=20)	Autoimmune diseases (No) (n=60)
Age at onset of narcolepsy (years)	23.1±2.5	18.7±1.1	0.052
Sex (male)	19 (95)	48 (80)	0.167
BMI (kg/m^2)	28.5±1.5	28.6±0.8	0.511
Presence of cataplexy	12 (60)	44 (73.3)	0.260
Presence of allergic disorders	13 (65)	29 (48.3)	0.196
Family history of allergic disorders	10 (50)	31 (51.7)	0.897