The Relationship Between Global Sleep Score And Inflammatory Markers In Obese Adults From The United States

Figures & data

Figure 1 The relationship between global sleep score and age in all subjects.

Figure 2 The relationship between global sleep score and BMI in all subjects.

Figure 3 The relationship between global sleep score and perceived stress in all subjects.

Table 1 Participant Characteristics

Variables	N (%) or M(IQR) or M ±SD
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	54 (45–63)
Gender (% male)	474 (42.8%)
Race (% white)	1018 (92.0%)
Marital status (married), n (%)	702 (63.4%)
Education (with bachelor’s degree or higher), n (%)	443 (40.0%)
Current smoker, n (%)	163(14.6%)
BMI	28.59 (26.13–33.05)
Perceived stress scale	22 (18–26)
Global Sleep Score	6.21±3.67
Subjective Sleep Quality	1.00±0.69
Sleep Latency	0.95±0.94
Sleep Duration	0.84±0.80
Habitual Sleep Efficiency	0.69±1.06
Sleep Disturbances Range	1.32±0.58
Sleeping Medication	0.58±1.08
Daytime Dysfunction	0.83±0.67
Physician diagnosed cardiovascular diseases
Heart diseasen, (%)	`126 (11.4%)
TIA or stroke, (%)	43 (3.9%)
Diabetes, (%)	132 (11.9%)
High blood pressure, (%)	402 (36.3%)
Physician diagnosed respiratory diseases
Asthma, n (%)	127 (11.7%)
Emphysema/COPD, n (%)	29 (2.6%)
Serum inflammatory biomarkers
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0.80 (0.56–1.22)
IL-8 (pg/mL)	12.40 (9.13–15.79)
IL-10 (pg/mL)	0.22 (0.17–0.32)
CRP (ug/mL)	1.43 (0.69–3.66)
TNF-ɑ (pg/mL)	2.05 (1.69–2.51)
E-Selectin (ng/mL)	39.11 (28.09–51.85)
ICAM-1 (ng/mL)	273.92 (221.03–336.05)

Notes: M (IQR) for nonnormally distributed data, M ±SD for normally distributed data and n (%) for categoric variables.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IL, Interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF-ɑ, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; M (IQR), median interquartile range; M ±SD, mean±standard deviation.

Table 2 Bivariate Correlations Using Standardized Variables

Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14
1. Global Sleep Score
2. Subjective Sleep Quality	0.70 ^#
3. Sleep Latency	0.70 ^#	0.42^#
4. Sleep Duration	0.64 ^#	0.42^#	0.28^#
5. Habitual Sleep Efficiency	0.71 ^#	0.41^#	0.39^#	0.53^#
6. Sleep Disturbances Range	0.55 ^#	0.39^#	0.36^#	0.21^#	0.22^#
7. Sleeping Medication	0.56 ^#	0.23^#	0.31^#	0.12^#	0.19^#	0.21^#
8. Daytime Dysfunction	0.53 ^#	0.38^#	0.24^#	0.27^#	0.21^#	0.32^#	0.17^#
9. IL-6	0.10^&	0.06	0.08^&	0.02	0.09^&	0.04	0.08^&	0.04
10. IL-8	0.09^&	0.04	0.06	0.05	0.07*	0.07*	0.07*	0.05	0.06
11. IL-10	−0.02	−0.06	0.00	−0.02	−0.02	−0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.03	0.02
12. TNF-ɑ	0.07*	0.06*	0.04	0.04	0.04	0.06*	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.18^#	0.08^&
13. CRP	0.12 ^#	0.05	0.09^&	0.08^&	0.12^#	0.06*	0.05	0.06	0.08^&	0.02	0.20^#	0.17^#
14. E-Selectin	0.11 ^#	0.08^&	0.05	0.11^#	0.09^&	0.03	0.04	0.09	0.08	0.12^#	0.03	0.08^&	0.15^&
15. ICAM-1	0.13^#	0.09^&	0.07*	0.07^&	0.10^#	0.10^#	0.08^&	0.05	0.02	0.07*	0.08^&	0.29^&	0.15^&	0.07*

Notes: *P<0.05, ^&P<0.01, ^#P<0.001. Pearson correlation analysis was used.

Abbreviations: IL, Interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF-ɑ, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1.

Table 3 Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis Of Association Between Global Sleep Scores And Inflammatory Markers

Variables	R^2	Sβ	95% CI	P Value
Model 1
IL-6	0.025	0.095	0.037–0.153	0.001
IL-8	0.026	0.097	0.039–0.156	0.001
IL-10	0.017	−0.019	−0.078–0.039	0.517
CRP	0.028	0.106	0.048–0.165	<0.001
TNF-ɑ	0.026	0.102	0.042–0.162	0.001
E-Selectin	0.029	0.114	0.056–0.173	<0.001
ICAM-1	0.036	0.140	0.082–0.199	<0.001
Model 2
IL-6	0.036	0.088	0.030–0.146	0.008
IL-8	0.035	0.103	0.044–0.161	0.001
IL-10	0.025	0.017	−0.572–0.042	0.573
CRP	0.031	0.083	0.021–0.145	0.009
TNF-ɑ	0.033	0.090	0.030–0.150	0.003
E-Selectin	0.034	0.098	0.038–0.158	0.001
ICAM-1	0.042	0.086	0.028–0.144	0.004
Model 3
IL-6	0.125	0.074	0.019–0.129	0.009
IL-8	0.127	0.089	0.033–0.144	0.002
IL-10	0.120	−0.021	−0.076–0.035	0.463
CRP	0.121	0.035	−0.025–0.094	0.059
TNF-ɑ	0.126	0.082	0.025–0.139	0.005
E-Selectin	0.124	0.071	0.014–0.128	0.016
ICAM-1	0.133	0.117	0.061–0.172	<0.001

Notes: Model 1: adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, education, current smoker and physician diagnosed CVD and respiratory diseases. Model 2: adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, education, current smoker, physician diagnosed CVD and respiratory diseases and BMI. Model 3: adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, education, current smoker, physician diagnosed cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases, BMI and perceived stress. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used.

Abbreviations: IL, Interleukin; CRP, C-reactive protein, TNF-ɑ, tumor necrosis factor-ɑ; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; BMI, body mass index.