Insufficient Sleep Duration And Its Association With Breakfast Intake, Overweight/Obesity, Socio-Demographics And Selected Lifestyle Behaviors Among Saudi School Children

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics Of The Participating Children

Variable	All (N = 1051)	Boys (N = 523)	Girls (N = 528)	p-Value^a
Age (years)	9.2 ± 1.7	9.3 ± 1.7	9.2 ± 1.7	0.165
Body weight (kg)	35.8 ± 18.9	38.6 ± 23.2	33.2 ± 12.9	<0.001
Body height (cm)	133.4 ± 12.1	133.6 ± 11.7	133.1 ± 12.5	0.517
Body mass index (BMI)	19.4 ± 7.6	20.8 ± 9.6	18.2 ± 4.4	<0.001
Average sleep duration (hr/night)	8.14 ± 1.2	8.06 ± 1.2	8.22 ± 1.3	0.035
Sleep duration in weekdays	7.85 ± 1.4	7.77 ± 1.4	7.93 ± 1.5	0.074
Sleep duration in weekend days	8.86 ± 1.4	8.76 ± 1.4	8.95 ± 1.4	0.029
Average breakfast intake (day/week)	3.51 ± 2.3	3.44 ± 2.3	3.58 ± 2.3	0.350
Average screen time (hr/day)	3.23 ± 1.7	3.46 ± 1.8	3.00 ± 1.7	<0.001

Notes: Data are means and standard deviations. ^aT-test for independent samples (for the differences between boys and girls). Bold values indicate significance.

Table 2 Participants’ Description Relative To Insufficient Or Sufficient Sleep Duration

Variable	Sleep Duration		p-Value^a
	Insufficient N = 734 (71.1%)	Sufficient N = 299 (28.9%)
Age (years)	9.4 ± 1.7	9.0 ± 1.7	0.001
Body weight (kg)	36.8 ± 19.3	33.4 ± 17.3	0.009
Body height (cm)	134.1 ± 12.0	131.6 ± 12.2	0.003
Body mass index (BMI)	19.7 ± 7.7	18.6 ± 7.1	0.026
Average sleep duration (hr/night)	7.56 ± 0.94	9.57 ± 0.54	<0.001
Average breakfast intake (day/week)	3.40 ± 2.3	3.76 ± 2.4	0.025
Average screen time (hr/day)	3.28 ± 1.7	3.07 ± 1.7	0.078
No. of family members living in the home	6.4 ± 1.9	6.5 ± 2.4	0.917
No. of family members below 18 years	3.3 ± 1.4	3.4 ± 1.5	0.270

Notes: Data are means and standard deviations. Sufficient sleep was based on 9 hrs or more per night. ^aT-test for independent samples. Bold values indicate significance.

Table 3 Cross-Tabulation Of Socio-Demographics And Lifestyle Habits Among Saudi Children Relative To Insufficient Or Sufficient Sleep Duration (%)

Variable	Sleep Duration		p-Value^a
	Insufficient (N = 734)	Sufficient (N = 299)
Gender			0.002
Male	75.5	24.5
Female	66.7	33.3
Child’s age (years)			0.007
6–7	62.5	37.5
8–9	69.2	30.8
10–11	76.1	23.9
12–13	74.8	25.2
School type			0.036
Public	73.1	26.9
Private	66.8	33.2
Father’s age (years)			0.119
<30	66.7	33.3
30–39	66.1	33.9
40–49	71.7	28.3
50–59	72.6	27.4
60+	85.7	14.3
Mother’s age (years)			0.023
<30	64.8	35.2
30–39	68.3	31.7
40–49	74.7	25.3
50–59	84.8	15.2
60+	100.0	00.0
Father’s education			<0.001
<High school	84.2	15.8
High school	73.2	26.8
University degree	69.4	30.6
Post-graduate degree	59.1	40.9
Mother’s education			0.008
<High school	79.8	20.2
High school	72.3	27.7
University degree	67.8	32.2
Post-graduate degree	58.8	41.2
Family income (SR)^b			0.377
Low (<10,000)	73.2	26.8
Medium (10,000–20,000)	70.7	29.3
High (>20,000)	67.5	32.5
No. of obese children in the family			0.034
None	68.7	31.3
1–2	74.6	25.4
3+	82.1	17.9
Overweight/obesity			0.238
Non-overweight/ non-obese	69.4	30.6
Overweight/obesity	72.9	27.1
Breakfast intake			0.001
Non-daily	73.2	26.8
Daily	60.4	39.6
Screen time			0.005
<2 hrs/day	64.5	35.5
≥2 hrs/day	73.4	26.6
Physical activity level			0.941
Low (<30 min/day)	71.2	28.8
Medium (30–59 min/day)	71.7	28.3
High (>60 min/day)	69.7	30.3

Notes: ^aChi-Square tests of proportions. ^bSR = Saudi Riyal = 3.75 US$. Bold values indicate significance.

Table 4 Results Of Logistic Regression Analysis, Adjusted For Age, Weight And Gender, For Selected Variables Relative To Sleep Duration Categories Among Saudi Children

Variable	Sleep Categories (<9 hrs Versus ≥ 9 hrs)^a
	aOR	(95% CI)	SE	p-Value
Body weight	1.00	0.990–1.02	0.007	0.651
Age (older age = ref)	1.00
Younger age	1.12	1.00–1.24	0.055	0.046
Gender (boy = ref)	1.00
Girl	1.39	1.02–1.88	0.156	0.037
Father education (<high school = ref)	1.00
High school	1.80	1.14–2.83	0.231	0.011
College degree	2.01	1.22–3.32	0.257	0.007
Post-graduate degree	3.00	1.46–6.14	0.366	0.003
Mother education (<high school = ref)	1.00
High school	1.42	0.62–3.21	0.418	0.405
College degree	1.44	0.65–3.18	0.404	0.365
Post-graduate degree	2.05	0.84–4.97	0.453	0.114
Family income (≥20,001= ref)	1.00
10,000–20,000	1.01	0.66–1.54	0.217	0.975
≤ 10,000	0.87	0.55–1.39	0.239	0.571
No. of Family member in the house (≥10 = ref)	1.00
6–9	1.64	0.88–3.05	0.317	0.120
2–5	1.67	0.93–3.01	0.301	0.089
No. of obese children in the family (none = ref)	1.00
1–2	0.79	0.36–1.74	0.402	0.560
3+	0.49	0.23–1.05	0.386	0.066
Overweight/obesity (Overweight/obesity = ref)	1.00
Non-overweight/non-obese	1.08	0.71–1.64	0.214	0.717
Breakfast intake (non-daily = ref)	1.00
Daily	1.44	1.01–2.08	0.186	0.049
Screen time (<2 hrs/day = ref)	1.00
≥2 hrs/day	0.69	0.50–0.97	0.168	0.033
Physical activity (high level = ref)	1.00
Medium	0.92	0.48–1.76	0.333	0.789
Low	0.82	0.51–1.34	0.250	0.438

Note: ^aInsufficient sleep was used as a reference category.

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; hrs, hours per night; ref, reference category; SE, standard error. Bold values indicate significance.