Effects of Total and Partial Sleep Deprivation on Reflection Impulsivity and Risk-Taking in Deliberative Decision-Making

Figures & data

Figure 1 Experimental protocol of Experiment 1.

Notes: Schematic representation of the experimental protocol of Experiment 1 that included regular sleep and total sleep deprivation conditions, presented in counterbalanced order and separated by one week. The Testing phase was scheduled the morning following the night of both conditions.

Figure 2 Experimental protocol of Experiment 2.

Notes: Schematic representation of the experimental protocol of Experiment 2, consisting of regular sleep and partial sleep deprivation condition, presented in counterbalanced order and separated by two washout nights. The Testing phase was scheduled the morning following the fifth night of each condition.

Table 1 Actigraphic and Subjective Sleep Parameters of Experiment 1

	RS	TSD
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	t31	p
Objective sleep variables (actigraphy)
TST (min)	447.20 ± 6.36	457.51 ± 8.29	−1.60	0.12
EFF%	95.39 ± 0.57	94.86 ± 0.57	1.17	0.25
WASO (min)	16.54 ± 2.65	19.77 ± 2.66	−1.37	0.18
Subjective sleep variables (diary)
S-TST (min)	464.74 ± 5.53	479.65 ± 7.36	−0.60	0.55
S-WASO (min)	4.06 ± 0.79	4.96 ± 0.90	−0.99	0.33

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of objective (actigraphic) and subjective (diary) sleep parameters of the five nights preceding each condition (regular sleep, total sleep deprivation). t-Test analysis results (t and p) are also shown.

Abbreviations: TST, total sleep time; EFF, sleep efficiency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; S-TST, subjective total sleep time; S-WASO, subjective wake after sleep onset.

Figure 3 Reflection impulsivity × Sleep condition interaction on Mosaic Task performance in Experiment 1.

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of the trial-by-trial Draw To Decide mean scores in the two conditions (regular sleep, total sleep deprivation) for the High Reflection impulsivity and Low Reflection impulsivity subgroups. **p<0.01; ***p<0.001.

Table 2 Main Effects and Interactions of Sleep Condition and Task Design Factors for Turned Cards variable (Experiment 1)

	F-Test	Degrees of Freedom	p
Condition	0.39	1,1683	0.53
Gain amount	5.13	2,1683	0.01
Number of loss cards	192.07	2,1683	<0.001
Loss amount	47.92	2,1683	<0.001
Condition × Gain amount	0.24	2,1683	0.79
Condition × Number of loss cards	0.26	2,1683	0.77
Condition × Loss amount	0.24	2,1683	0.79

Table 3 Main Effects and Interactions of Sleep Condition and Task Design Factors for Turned Cards variable, with the Inclusion of the Risk-Taking Factor (Experiment 1)

	F-Test	Degrees of Freedom	p
Risk-taking	32.69	1,30	<0.001
Condition × Risk-taking	13.88	1,1670	<0.001
Condition × Risk-taking × Gain amount	0.13	2,1670	0.88
Condition × Risk-taking × Number of loss cards	0.44	2,1670	0.64
Condition × Risk-taking × Loss amount	0.55	2,1670	0.58

Figure 4 Risk-taking × Sleep condition interaction on Columbia Card Task (cold) performance in Experiment 1.

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of the trial-by-trial Turned Cards mean scores in the two conditions (regular sleep, total sleep deprivation) for the Low Risk-taking and High Risk-taking subgroups. *p<0.05; ***p<0.001.

Table 4 Actigraphic and Subjective Sleep Parameters of Experiment 2

	RS	PSD	t41	p
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Objective sleep variables (actigraphy)
TST (min)	417.86 ± 4.77	263.84 ± 2.50	35.83	<0.001
EFF%	89.20 ± 0.65	90.37 ± 0.49	−2.08	0.04
WASO (min)	29.90 ± 1.88	15.09 ± 0.92	11.84	<0.001
Subjective sleep variables (diary)
S-TST (min)	454.71 ± 5.02	289.76 ± 1.49	36.89	<0.001
S-WASO (min)	4.03 ± 0.70	2.33 ± 0.59	2.04	0.05

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of objective (actigraphic) and subjective (diary) sleep parameters of the two conditions (regular sleep, partial sleep deprivation). t-Test analysis results (t and p) are also shown.

Abbreviations: TST, total sleep time; EFF, sleep efficiency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; S-TST, subjective total sleep time; S-WASO, subjective wake after sleep onset.

Figure 5 Reflection impulsivity × Sleep condition interaction on Mosaic Task performance in Experiment 2.

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of the trial-by-trial Draw To Decide mean scores in the two conditions (regular sleep, partial sleep deprivation) for the High Reflection impulsivity and Low Reflection impulsivity subgroups. ***p<0.001.

Table 5 Main Effects and Interactions of Sleep Condition and Task Design Factors for Turned Cards variable (Experiment 2)

	F-Test	Degrees of Freedom	p
Condition	9.15	1,2213	0.003
Gain amount	16.48	2,2213	<0.001
Number of loss cards	181.89	2,2213	<0.001
Loss amount	34.71	2,2213	<0.001
Condition × Gain amount	0.29	2,2213	0.75
Condition × Number of loss cards	0.89	2,2213	0.41
Condition × Loss amount	0.17	2,2213	0.85

Table 6 Main Effects and Interactions of Sleep Condition and Task Design Factors for Turned Cards variable, with the Inclusion of the Risk-Taking Factor (Experiment 2)

	F-Test	Degrees of Freedom	p
Risk-taking	48.24	1,40	<0.001
Condition × Risk-taking	29.01	1,2200	<0.001
Condition × Risk-taking × Gain amount	0.24	2,2200	0.79
Condition × Risk-taking × Number of loss cards	0.17	2,2200	0.84
Condition × Risk-taking × Loss amount	1.91	2,2200	0.15

Figure 6 Risk-taking × Sleep condition interaction on Columbia Card Task (cold) performance in Experiment 2.

Notes: Mean (and standard error) of the trial-by-trial Turned Cards mean scores in the two conditions (regular sleep, partial sleep deprivation) for the Low Risk-taking and High Risk-taking subgroups. ***p<0.001.