Sleep Education for Elders Program (SLEEP): Promising Pilot Results of a Virtual, Health Educator-Led, Community-Delivered Sleep Behavior Change Intervention

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics by Group

Characteristic	Intervention Group (n=22)	Control Group (n=31)	p-value
Sex	95.5% female	100% female	0.805
Age	67.6 ± 8.1 y	42.7 ± 13.5 y	<0.001
Race	81.8% White	80.6% White	0.415
Body Mass Index (BMI)*	32.3 ± 9.2 kg/m^2	30.4 ± 9.1 kg/m^2	0.533
Individuals with Self-described sleep problems (n)**	10	12	0.778

Notes: Data presented are means ± SD. Bolded P-values indicate significant results. *BMI was calculated from self-reported height and weight. **Reflects the number of individuals who indicated chronic conditions related to sleep, eg, insomnia.

Table 2 Baseline Sleep Measures by Group

Sleep Measure	Intervention Group (n=22)	Control Group (n=31)	P-value
Sleep quality (PSQI)	9.3 ± 3.2	10.0 ± 3.4	0.451
Sleep duration (h)*	6.3 ± 1.1	6.2 ± 1.1	0.810
Insomnia symptoms (ISI)	13.5 ± 4.5	13.4 ± 5.2	0.980
Sleep behaviors (SHI)	17.3 ± 8.4	21.1 ± 6.8	0.076
Daytime sleepiness (ESS)	6.7 ± 5.7	7.4 ± 3.4	0.144

Notes: Data presented are means ± SD. PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) measures perceived sleep quality over the past month; higher values indicate worse sleep quality. *Sleep duration (h) was extracted from the PSQI. ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) measures perceived insomnia symptoms over the past two weeks. SHI (Sleep Hygiene Index) measures the frequency of engaging in behaviors that do not support sleep. ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) measures recent likelihood of excessive daytime sleepiness.

Table 3 Follow-Up Sleep Measures by Group

Sleep Measure	Intervention Group (n=22)	Control Group (n=31)	P-value	Effect Size (Cohen’s d)*
Sleep quality (PSQI)	6.7 ± 3.5	9.4 ± 3.5	0.007	0.77
Sleep duration (h)**	6.9 ± 1.0	6.4 ± 1.2	0.088	0.45
Insomnia symptoms (ISI)	9.9 ± 5.7	12.5 ± 4.8	0.076	0.49
Sleep behaviors (SHI)	13.1 ± 5.3	22.4 ± 7.0	<0.001	1.50
Daytime sleepiness (ESS)	6.0 ± 4.2	8.3 ± 4.4	0.027	0.53

Notes: Data presented are means ± SD. Bolded P-values indicate significant results. PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) measures perceived sleep quality over the past month; higher values indicate worse sleep quality. *Cohen’s d for between group effect sizes. **Sleep duration (h) was extracted from the PSQI. ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) measures perceived insomnia symptoms over the past two weeks. SHI (Sleep Hygiene Index) measures the frequency of engaging in behaviors that do not support sleep. ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) measures recent likelihood of excessive daytime sleepiness.

Table 4 Clinical Relevance Based on 0.5 SD Difference Criterion for the Intervention Group

Outcome	0.5 SD Pre-Test Mean	Difference Between Pre- and Post-Test Means*	Clinically Significant? (Difference ≥ 0.5 SD?)
Sleep quality (PSQI)	1.6	2.7	Yes
Sleep duration (h)**	0.6	0.6	Yes
Insomnia symptoms (ISI)	2.3	3.6	Yes
Sleep behaviors (SHI)	4.2	4.2	Yes
Daytime sleepiness (ESS)	2.9	0.7	No

Notes: Data presented are means ± SD. PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) measures perceived sleep quality over the past month; higher values indicate worse sleep quality. *Absolute values. **Sleep duration (h) was extracted from the PSQI. ISI (Insomnia Severity Index) measures perceived insomnia symptoms over the past two weeks. SHI (Sleep Hygiene Index) measures the frequency of engaging in behaviors that do not support sleep. ESS (Epworth Sleepiness Scale) measures recent likelihood of excessive daytime sleepiness.