Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Insomnia Symptoms Among the Chinese General Public After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Epidemic Was Initially Controlled

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons Between Insomnia Symptoms and Non-Insomnia Symptoms Individuals on Demographic Data. (N=14,894)

	Insomnia Symptoms (n=4601)	Non-Insomnia Symptoms (n=10,293)	χ^2	P
Gender			43.893	<0.001
Male	2152(46.8%)	4216(41.0%)
Female	2449(53.2%)	6077(59.0%)
Ethnicity			7.491	0.006
Han	4371(95.0%)	9880(96.0%)
Minority	230(5.0%)	413(4.0%)
Age (years old)			10.535	0.001
18~40	3173(69.0%)	6820(66.3%)
>40	1428(31.0%)	3473(33.7%)
Education level			18.308	<0.001
High School or below	981(21.3%)	2526(24.5%)
Bachelor or above	3620(78.7%)	7767(75.5%)
Cities lived in the past month			19.843	<0.001
Wuhan*	171(3.7%)	251(2.4%)
Cities in Hubei Province except Wuhan*	678(14.7%)	1473(14.3%)
Cities outside of Hubei Province*	3752(81.5%)	8569(83.3%)
Medical history			849.923	<0.001
None*	3833(83.3%)	9863(95.8%)
Physical diseases*	228(5.0%)	292(2.8%)
Psychiatric disorders*	540(11.7%)	138(1.3%)
Alcohol use			190.850	<0.001
Never*	2508(54.5%)	6826(66.3%)
Less than 1 time per week*	1828(39.7%)	3063 (29.8%)
At least 2 times per week*	265(5.8%)	404(3.9%)
Smoking			103.334	<0.001
No	3750(81.5%)	9036(87.8%)
Yes	851(18.5%)	1257(12.2%)

Notes: *Significant after Bonferroni correction.

Table 2 Comparisons Between Insomnia Symptoms and Non-Insomnia Symptoms Individuals on COVID-19 Related Data and Psychological Status. (N=14,894)

	Insomnia Symptoms (n=4601)	Non-Insomnia Symptoms (n=10,293)	χ^2	P
COVID-19 epidemic-related questions
Suspected or confirmed infected with COVID-19			221.920	<0.001
None*	4357(94.7%)	10,169(98.8%)
Suspected*	229(5.0%)	118(1.1%)
Confirmed*	15(0.3%)	6(0.1%)
Anyone around confirmed infected with COVID-19			362.872	<0.001
None*	4003(87.0%)	9794(95.2%)
Families*	94(2.0%)	73(0.7%)
Friends or colleagues*	178(3.9%)	67(0.7%)
Neighborhood or communities*	326(7.1%)	359(3.5%)
Family relationship			297.654	<0.001
Became estranged*	355(7.7%)	238(2.3%)
Not changed*	2541(55.2%)	5332(51.8%)
Became closer*	1705(37.1%)	4723(45.9%)
Feeling alienated from others			704.929	<0.001
Yes	783(17.0%)	826(8.0%)
Neutral*	1829(39.8%)	2697(26.2%)
No*	1989(43.2%)	6770(65.8%)
Satisfaction of available information			472.453	<0.001
Dissatisfied*	500(10.9%)	668(6.5%)
Neutral*	2222(48.3%)	3457(33.6%)
Satisfied*	1879(40.8%)	6168(59.9%)
Psychological Status
Having somatic symptoms (SSS-8)			3333.841	<0.001
No (0~3)	978(21.3%)	7415(72.0%)
Yes (4~32)	3623(78.7%)	2878(28.0%)
Having depressive symptoms (PHQ-9)			4461.961	<0.001
No (0~4)	802(17.4%)	7815(75.9%)
Yes (5~27)	3799(82.6%)	2478(24.1%)
Having psychological distress (IES-R)			2470.788	<0.001
No (0~8)	550(12.0%)	5709(55.5%)
Yes (9~88)	4051(88.0%)	4584(44.5%)

Notes: *Significant after Bonferroni correction.

Abbreviations: SSS-8, Somatic Symptom Scale-8; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; IES-R, Impact of Events Scale-Revised.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression Analysis of Insomnia Symptoms-Related Factors

	OR	P	95% C.I
Demographic factors
Gender (ref: Male)
Female	0.80	0.000	0.72–0.88
Age (ref:18–40)
>40	1.16	0.004	1.05–1.28
Medical History (ref: None)
Physical diseases	1.18	0.162	0.94–1.47
Psychiatric disorders	3.10	0.000	2.46–3.90
Smoking (ref: No)
Yes	1.41	0.000	1.22–1.61
COVID-19 epidemic-related factors
Anyone around confirmed infected with COVID-19 (ref: None)
Families	1.30	0.196	0.87–1.95
Friends or colleagues	1.70	0.005	1.17–2.46
Neighborhood or communities	1.11	0.322	0.91–1.35
Family relationship (ref: Neutral)
Became estranged	1.46	0.001	1.17–1.82
Became closer	0.87	0.003	0.79–0.95
Feeling alienated from others (ref: Neutral)
Yes	1.01	0.907	0.87–1.17
No	0.79	0.000	0.71–0.87
Satisfaction of available information (ref: Neutral)
Dissatisfied	1.03	0.722	0.87–1.22
Satisfied	0.69	0.000	0.63–0.76
Psychological factors
Having somatic symptoms (ref: No)
Yes	3.43	0.000	3.11–3.78
Having depressive symptoms (ref: No)
Yes	5.35	0.000	4.83–5.93
Having psychological distress (ref: No)
Yes	3.24	0.000	2.89–3.63