Exploration of Sleep as a Specific Risk Factor for Poor Metabolic and Mental Health: A UK Biobank Study of 84,404 Participants

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart showing the timeline of data released by the UK Biobank and the number of participants at each stage. However, only those with valid processable accelerometry data are included in the current study (n=84,404).

Table 1 Prevalence of Various Diseases Within the UK Biobank Population

Disease	Prevalence (%)
Diabetes	3.94
Disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion	0.14
Obesity and other hyperalimentation	2.74
Organic mental disorder	0.20
Schizophrenia/schizotypal/delusional disorders	0.11
Mood disorder	2.58
Hypertensive diseases	17.63
Ischaemic heart diseases	6.28
Pulmonary heart diseases	0.90
Other form of heart disease	4.94
Cerebrovascular disease	1.43
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries	1.46

Notes: Prevalence of diseases are calculated by dividing the number of cases by the total number of participants included in the current study (n=84,404).

Table 2 Percentage of Participants with Various Diseases in Each Sleep Group

	<5 Hours (n=14,632)	5–6 Hours (n=21,889)	6–7 Hours (n=28,233)	7–8 Hours (n=15,757)	>8 Hours (n=3893)
Diabetes (%)	6.6 a	3.7 b	3.3 b,c	3.1 c	3.2 b,c
Disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion (%)	0.2 a	0.1 a,b	0.1 b	0.1 a,b	0.2 a,b
Obesity and other hyperalimentation (%)	4.5 a	2.8 b	2.3 c	2.1 c	2.0 c
Organic mental disorder (%)	0.3 a	0.1 b	0.2 b	0.2 b	0.3 a,b
Schizophrenia/schizotypal/delusional disorders (%)	0.1 a	0.1 a	0.1 a	0.1 a	0.5 b
Mood disorder (%)	3.6 a	2.3 b	2.1 b	2.5 b	3.9 a
Hypertensive diseases (%)	23.5 a	17.2 b	16.0 c	15.7 c	17.2 b,c
Ischaemic heart diseases (%)	8.4 a	6.5 b	5.5 c	5.4 c	6.3 b,c
Pulmonary heart diseases (%)	1.2 a	0.9 b	0.8 b	0.8 b	1.4 a
Other form of heart disease (%)	6.6 a	4.9 b	4.6 b,c	4.1 c	5.0 b,c
Cerebrovascular disease (%)	1.8 a	1.5 a,b	1.3 b	1.2 b	1.9 a
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries (%)	1.9 a	1.5 a,b	1.3 b,c	1.2 c	1.6 a,b,c

Notes: Column proportion was compared using a z-test. If two columns are assigned the same letter, then the different between them are not statistically significant (p>0.05). However, if two columns are assigned different letters, then the difference between them are statistically significant (p<0.05).

Figure 2 Graphs demonstrating the “U-shaped” relationship between sleep duration and various diseases.

Table 3 Binary Regression Model Showing Odds Ratio of Various Diseases

	7–8 Hours	<5 Hours		5–6 Hours		6–7 Hours		>8 Hours
	OR	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Diabetes	1.00	1.58 (1.40–1.77)	<0.001	1.05 (0.93–1.18)	0.436	1.02 (0.91–1.15)	0.679	1.02 (0.83–1.25)	0.883
Disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion	1.00	1.72 (0.97–3.07)	0.064	1.18 (0.66–2.11)	0.575	0.82 (0.45–1.48)	0.505	1.80 (0.78–4.14)	0.169
Obesity and other hyperalimentation	1.00	1.48 (1.28–1.70)	<0.001	1.12 (0.97–1.29)	0.115	1.04 (0.90–1.19)	0.613	0.92 (0.71–1.19)	0.524
Organic mental disorder	1.00	2.06 (1.26–3.37)	0.004	0.91 (0.53–1.56)	0.733	1.32 (0.82–2.14)	0.256	2.16 (1.10–4.25)	0.026
Schizophrenia/schizotypal/delusional disorders	1.00	1.36 (0.68–2.72)	0.383	0.84 (0.42–1.70)	0.627	0.95 (0.49–1.83)	0.877	5.61 (2.81–11.21)	<0.001
Mood disorder	1.00	1.44 (1.26–1.65)	<0.001	0.89 (0.78–1.02)	0.093	0.84 (0.74–0.95)	0.007	1.55 (1.28–1.87)	<0.001
Hypertensive diseases	1.00	1.36 (1.28–1.44)	<0.001	1.07 (1.01–1.13)	0.025	1.03 (0.97–1.09)	0.312	1.11 (1.01–1.22)	0.039
Ischaemic heart diseases	1.00	1.25 (1.14–1.37)	<0.001	1.13 (1.04–1.24)	0.007	1.01 (0.93–1.10)	0.819	1.17 (1.01–1.36)	0.040
Pulmonary heart diseases	1.00	1.33 (1.05–1.68)	0.017	1.04 (0.83–1.31)	0.712	0.97 (0.78–1.22)	0.818	1.72 (1.25–2.38)	0.001
Other form of heart disease	1.00	1.37 (1.24–1.52)	<0.001	1.16 (1.05–1.28)	0.004	1.11 (1.01–1.23)	0.032	1.22 (1.03–1.44)	0.020
Cerebrovascular disease	1.00	1.27 (1.05–1.54)	0.013	1.17 (0.98–1.41)	0.086	1.05 (0.88–1.25)	0.609	1.58 (1.20–2.07)	0.001
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries	1.00	1.36 (1.13–1.65)	0.001	1.26 (1.05–1.51)	0.014	1.14 (0.96–1.36)	0.144	1.32 (0.98–1.76)	0.065

Notes: Binary regression model was adjusted for age, gender and Townsend deprivation index. 7–8 hours sleep group is used as the reference group.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Binary Regression Model Showing Odds Ratio of Various Diseases

Primary Care Data Code	Optimal Sleep (OR)	Less Optimal Sleep (OR, 95% CI)	P-value
Diabetes	1.00	1.42 (1.32–1.53)	<0.001
Disorders of glucose regulation and pancreatic internal secretion	1.00	1.73 (1.21–2.48)	0.003
Obesity and other hyperalimentation	1.00	1.40 (1.28–1.52)	<0.001
Organic mental disorder	1.00	1.77 (1.31–2.40)	<0.001
Schizophrenia/schizotypal/delusional disorders	1.00	2.10 (1.41–3.14)	<0.001
Mood disorder	1.00	1.68 (1.54–1.83)	<0.001
Hypertensive diseases	1.00	1.22 (1.18–1.27)	<0.001
Ischaemic heart diseases	1.00	1.12 (1.05–1.19)	<0.001
Pulmonary heart diseases	1.00	1.37 (1.18–1.59)	<0.001
Other form of heart disease	1.00	1.13 (1.06–1.21)	<0.001
Cerebrovascular disease	1.00	1.10 (0.98–1.24)	0.114
Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries	1.00	1.10 (0.98–1.24)	0.106

Notes: Binary regression model was adjusted for age, gender and Townsend deprivation index. Optimal sleep is used as the reference group.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.