Nomophobia is Associated with Insomnia but Not with Age, Sex, BMI, or Mobile Phone Screen Size in Young Adults

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics of the Study Participants (n 549)

Age, y	27.33 ± 4.83
Body weight, kg	69.22 ± 14.92
Body height, cm	164.86 ± 8.30
BMI, kg/m^2	25.56 ± 5.69
NMP-Q	77.06 ± 17.80
ISI	8.24 ± 4.21
MP screen size, INCH	5.50 ± 0.50
MP pixel density, PPI	480.01 ± 90.05
Active MP data plan
-Yes	549 (100%)
Sex
-Male	253 (46%)
-Female	296 (54%)
BMI Categories
-Underweight	42 (8%)
-Normal weight	215 (39%)
-Overweight	168 (31%)
-Obese	124 (23%)
NMP-Q Categories
-No nomophobia	None (0%)
-Mild nomophobia	35 (6%)
-Moderate nomophobia	400 (73%)
-Severe nomophobia	114 (21%)
ISI Categories
-No clinically significant insomnia	346 (63%)
-Subthreshold insomnia	122 (22%)
-Clinical insomnia (moderate severity)	73 (13%)
-Clinical insomnia (severe)	8 (1%)
MP screen size categories, inch
−4.7 inch	83 (15%)
−5.1 inch	92 (17%)
−5.2 inch	41 (7%)
−5.5 inch	93 (17%)
−5.8 inch	150 (27%)
−6.1 inch	12 (2%)
−6.2 inch	38 (7%)
−6.3 inch	28 (5%)
−6.5 inch	12 (2%)

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for continuous data or frequency count (percentage) for categorical data. BMI body mass index, underweight ≤18.5 kg/m2; normal weight 18.5–24.9 kg/m2; overweight 25–29.9 kg/m2; and obese ≥30 kg/m2. NMP-Q Nomophobia Questionnaire, ≤20 no nomophobia, 21–59 mild nomophobia, 60–99 moderate nomophobia, and 100–140 severe nomophobia. ISI Insomnia Severity Index, ≤7 represents no clinically relevant insomnia, 8–14 represents subthreshold insomnia, 15–21 represents clinical insomnia (moderate), and 22–28 represents clinical insomnia (severe).

Abbreviations: MP, mobile phone; PPI, pixels per inch.

Table 2 Differences in the Study Parameters According to Sex Grouping (n 549)

Parameter	Male n 253	Female n 296	P-value
NMP-Q	76.03 ± 17.00	77.94 ± 18.44	0.21
ISI	7.83 ± 3.85	8.58 ± 4.48	0.036
MP screen size, inch	5.50 ± 0.51	5.49 ± 0.49	0.73
BMI, kg/m^2	27.59 ± 6.48	23.83 ± 4.20	0.001
NMP-Q categories
-No nomophobia	None (0%)	None (0%)	0.49
-Mild nomophobia	16 (6%)	19 (6%)
-Moderate nomophobia	190 (75%)	210 (71%)
-Severe nomophobia	47 (19%)	67 (23%)
ISI categories
-No clinically significant insomnia	175 (69%)	171 (58%)	0.042
-Subthreshold insomnia	48 (19%)	74 (25%)
-Clinical insomnia (moderate severity)	28 (11%)	45 (15%)
-Clinical insomnia (severe)	2 (1%)	6 (2%)
MP screen size categories, inch
−4.7 inch	43 (17%)	40 (14%)	0.80
−5.1 inch	35 (14%)	57 (19%)
−5.2 inch	18 (7%)	23 (8%)
−5.5 inch	42 (17%	51 (17%)
−5.8 inch	71 (28%)	79 (27%)
−6.1 inch	6 (2%)	6 (2%)
−6.2 inch	17 (7%)	21 (7%)
−6.3 inch	15 (6%)	13 (4%)
−6.5 inch	6 (2%)	6 (2%)

Notes: Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation for continuous data or frequency count (percentage) for categorical data. NMP-Q Nomophobia Questionnaire, ≤20 no nomophobia, 21–59 mild nomophobia, 60–99 moderate nomophobia, and 100–140 severe nomophobia. ISI Insomnia Severity Index, ≤ 7 represents no clinically relevant insomnia, 8–14 represents subthreshold insomnia, 15–21 represents clinical insomnia (moderate), and 22–28 represents clinical insomnia (severe). MP mobile phone. PPI pixels per inch. Independent samples t-test for continuous data, and Chi-square statistic for categorical data. P-value was significant < 0.05.

Figure 1 Mean Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) score by mobile phone screen size.

Figure 2 Mean Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score by mobile phone screen size.

Table 3 The Association NMP-Q, ISI and Selected Features of the Study Participants (n 549)

Correlation Analysis
		r	P-value
NMP-Q (Continuous)	ISI (Continuous)	0.63	0.001
Regression analysis
Model 1
Independent Variable	Dependent Variable	Estimate β (95% CI)	P-value
NMP-Q (Continuous)	ISI (Continuous)	0.15 (0.13–0.17)	0 0.001
Model 2
Age	ISI	1.00 (0.96–1.06)	0.85
	NMP-Q	1.02 (0.95–1.10)	0.53
Sex (Male)	ISI	0.65 (0.40–1.05)	0.08
	NMP-Q	1.02 (0.51–2.02)	0.96
BMI	ISI	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	0.46
	NMP-Q	1.00 (0.94–1.06)	0.92
MP screen size	ISI	0.80 (0.50–1.28)	0.35
	NMP-Q	1.32 (0.66–2.61)	0.43
Model 3
MP screen size	NMP-Q	1.36 (0.69–2.68)	0.38
MP screen size	ISI	0.54 (0.25–1.16)	0.12

Notes: Correlation analysis is measure of linear association is denoted by the letter r, which is the Pearson product-moment coefficient. Regression analysis, reported estimates are β coefficient for linear regression analysis and odds ratio for logistic regression analysis. Model 1 is univariate linear regression analysis. Model 2 is univariate logistic regression analysis. Model 3 multivariate logistic regression analysis correcting for age, sex and ISI for estimating NMP-Q or NMP-Q for estimating ISI. For models 2 and 3: ISI was categorized as insomnia ISI ≥ 15 or healthy ISI < 15. NMP-Q was categorized as moderate to severe nomophobia NMP-Q ≥ 60 or mild nomophobia < 60. MPSS mobile phone. P-value was significant < 0.05.