The Bidirectional Associations Between Insomnia and Psychotic-Like Experiences Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (N = 910)

Characteristics		N	%
Sex	Female	633	69.6
	Male	277	30.4
Age, year	Mean (SD)	17.66(1.56)
Ethnicity	Han^a	817	89.8
	Others	93	10.2
Residence location	Urban	201	22.1
	Town	250	27.5
	Rural	459	50.4
Family income (RMB per month)	<1000	36	4.0
	1000–3000	288	31.6
	3000–5000	311	34.2
	5000–10,000	219	24.1
	>10,000	56	6.2
Parental marital status	Married	800	87.9
	Not currently married^b	110	12.1
“Left-behind” child status	Yes	438	48.1
Single child status	Yes	177	19.5
History of mental disorders	Yes	10	1.1
Chronic physical illness^c	Yes	101	11.1
Family history of mental disorders	Yes	39	4.3

Notes: ^aHan is the major ethnic group in China. ^bNot currently married included separated, divorced, and widowed. ^cChronic physical conditions referred to having at least one of the following conditions: arthritis, angina, asthma, diabetes, visual impairment, or hearing problems.

Table 2 Prediction for the Presence of PLEs and Insomnia During the COVID-19 Pandemic (N = 910)

	PLEs During the Pandemic		Insomnia During the Pandemic
	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjust OR (95% CI)^a	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjust OR (95% CI)^a
Baseline insomnia	5.20 (1.80, 15.04)	5.13 (2.54, 10.38)	3.53 (1.61, 7.76)	3.66 (1.97, 6.81)
Baseline PLEs	9.43 (4.50, 19.79)	10.43 (6.39, 17.05)	2.18 (1.10, 4.31)	2.14 (1.25, 3.65)
Baseline insomnia × Baseline PLEs	0.24 (0.06, 1.00)	0.22 (0.08, 0.57)	2.12 (0.65, 6.91)	2.43 (0.95, 6.19)

Notes: ^aAdjusting for demographic characteristics (sex, age, ethnicity, residence location, family income, parental marital status, “left-behind” child status, single child status, history of mental disorders, chronic physical illness, family history of mental disorders), and a two-sided p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviation: PLEs, psychotic-like experiences.

Figure 1 Changing patterns of PLEs and insomnia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. (A) Changing patterns of insomnia. (B) Changing patterns of PLEs.

Abbreviation: PLEs, psychotic-like experiences.

Figure 2 Interaction effect of baseline PLEs and baseline insomnia in predicting PLEs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abbreviation: PLEs, psychotic-like experiences.

Table 3 Prediction for the Severity of PLEs and Insomnia (N = 910)

	CAPE-P15 Total Scores During the Pandemic		Insomnia Total Scores During the Pandemic
	Crude B (95% CI)	Adjust B (95% CI)^a	Crude B (95% CI)	Adjust B (95% CI)^a
Baseline CAPE-P15 total scores	0.34 (0.29, 0.39)	0.33 (0.27, 0.38)	0.91 (0.49, 1.33)	0.89 (0.47, 1.31)
Baseline insomnia total scores	0.00 (−0.00, 0.01)	0.00 (−0.01, 0.01)	0.43 (0.36, 0.49)	0.42 (0.36, 0.49)
Baseline CAPE-P15 scores × Baseline insomnia total scores	0.00 (−0.02, 0.02)	−0.00 (−0.02, 0.02)	−0.04 (−0.18, 0.11)	−0.03 (−0.18, 0.11)

Notes: ^aAdjusting for demographic characteristics (sex, age, ethnicity, residence location, family income, parental marital status, “left-behind” child status, single child status, history of mental disorders, chronic physical illness, family history of mental disorders), and a two-sided p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: PLEs, psychotic-like experiences; CAPE-P15, the 15-item positive subscale of the community assessment of psychic experiences.