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Nature and Science of Sleep Volume 5, 2013 - Issue
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Review

Sleep disturbance in mental health problems and neurodegenerative disease

Kirstie N Anderson1 Department of Neurology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UKCorrespondence[email protected]
&
Andrew J Bradley2 Eli Lilly and Company Limited, Lilly House, Basingstoke, UK;3 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
Pages 61-75 | Published online: 31 May 2013

Figures & data

Figure 1 Homeostatic sleep propensity (sleep load) increases through the waking day and is dissipated by sleep.

Reproduced from Physiology and Behaviour; 90, Beersma DGM and Gordijn MCM, Circadian Control of the Sleep-Wake Cycle 190–195, Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier.Citation221

Notes: The alerting signal is generated by the circadian system and opposes the increasing sleep load peaking in the late evening in order to maintain wakefulness for approximately 16 hours. The circadian drive for alertness then decreases overnight in order that as sleep load decreases sleep can still be maintained for approximately 8 hours.
Figure 1 Homeostatic sleep propensity (sleep load) increases through the waking day and is dissipated by sleep.Reproduced from Physiology and Behaviour; 90, Beersma DGM and Gordijn MCM, Circadian Control of the Sleep-Wake Cycle 190–195, Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier.Citation221

Figure 2 Representative actograms from healthy control (A and E), mildly demented (B and F) and moderately demented (C, G, D and H) subjects recorded first in year 1 (A ± D), and for the same subjects at follow-up in year 2 (E ± H).

From Hatfield CF et al. Disrupted daily activity/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer’s dementia, Brain, 2004, 27, part 5,1061–74, by permission of Oxford University Press.Citation178

Note: Data from 28 consecutive days are double plotted on a 48-hour time base for clarity.
Figure 2 Representative actograms from healthy control (A and E), mildly demented (B and F) and moderately demented (C, G, D and H) subjects recorded first in year 1 (A ± D), and for the same subjects at follow-up in year 2 (E ± H).From Hatfield CF et al. Disrupted daily activity/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer’s dementia, Brain, 2004, 27, part 5,1061–74, by permission of Oxford University Press.Citation178

Figure 3 A 30-second epoch from a polysomnograph demonstrating the changes in REM behavior disorder.

Notes: The electrooculogram channels (LOC and ROC; blue) show the characteristic eye flicks of REM sleep. The submental electromyogram (CHIN 1; red) should be flat but shows phasic activity as the patient is moving.
Abbreviations: LOC, left outer canthus of the eye; REM, rapid eye movement; ROC, right outer canthus of the eye.
Figure 3 A 30-second epoch from a polysomnograph demonstrating the changes in REM behavior disorder.

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