Associations of sleep disturbance and duration with metabolic risk factors in obese persons with type 2 diabetes: data from the Sleep AHEAD Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Participant characteristics

Characteristics	Mean (SE)
Sex, male/female	122/183
Race, AA/C/H/O	58/223/10/14
Age, years	61.3 (0.4)
Waist circumference, cm	115.0 (0.7)
Body mass index, kg/m^2	36.5 (0.3)
Use of diabetes medication, Y/Na	264/40
Use of lipid-lowering medication, Y/Na	161/143
Hemoglobin A1c, %	7.22 (0.06)
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL	153.6 (2.6)
Total cholesterol, mg/dL	192.4 (2.2)
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	114.6 (1.8)
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL	45.4 (0.7)
Triglycerides, mg/dL	163.6 (5.5)

Note:

a Data missing for one person.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; AA, African–American; C, Caucasian; H, Hispanic; O, other; LDL, low-density lipid; HDL, high-density lipid.

Table 2 Association of metabolic variables and sleep parameters

Dependent variables	Sleep parameter	Estimate	Standard error	P-value
Hemoglobin A1c^a	Sleep, hours	0.053	0.055	0.340
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	−0.0039	0.0060	0.512
	% time in stage 1	0.31	0.42	0.457
	% time in stage 2	−0.22	0.43	0.607
	% time in delta	−0.94	1.28	0.464
	% time in REM	−0.040	0.83	0.961
	Arousal index	0.0048	0.0048	0.325
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	−0.052	0.15	0.731
	Number of wake episodes	0.0055	0.0071	0.441
	Apnea/hypopnea index	−0.0017	0.0035	0.625
Fasting plasma Glucose, mg/dL^a	Sleep, hours	−0.92	2.43	0.706
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	−0.53	0.26	0.041
	% time in stage 1	15.76	17.96	0.381
	% time in stage 2	−11.70	18.70	0.532
	% time in delta	11.16	55.32	0.840
	% time in REM	−25.56	35.70	0.474
	Arousal index	0.13	0.21	0.520
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	3.96	6.50	0.543
	Number of wake episodes	0.25	0.31	0.420
	Apnea/hypopnea index	−0.15	0.15	0.326
Total cholesterol, mg/dL^b	Sleep, hours	1.43	1.90	0.451
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	−0.030	0.20	0.882
	% time in stage 1	−2.03	14.04	0.885
	% time in stage 2	12.13	14.62	0.407
	% time in delta	−23.57	43.37	0.587
	% time in REM	−26.07	27.92	0.351
	Arousal index	−0.098	0.16	0.551
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	−8.53	5.07	0.093
	Number of wake episodes	−0.040	0.24	0.867
	Apnea/hypopnea index	0.23	0.12	0.050
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL^b	Sleep, hours	0.25	1.51	0.869
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	−0.076	0.16	0.636
	% time in stage 1	−3.92	11.11	0.724
	% time in stage 2	7.85	11.57	0.498
	% time in delta	9.40	34.34	0.784
	% time in REM	−16.73	22.10	0.450
	Arousal index	−0.11	0.13	0.400
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	−4.78	4.02	0.236
	Number of wake episodes	−0.093	0.19	0.625
	Apnea/hypopnea index	0.10	0.093	0.260
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL^b	Sleep, hours	1.09	0.60	0.070
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	0.065	0.064	0.311
	% time in stage 1	−5.80	4.41	0.190
	% time in stage 2	6.94	4.60	0.132
	% time in delta	−1.81	13.70	0.895
	% time in REM	−1.63	8.83	0.853
	Arousal index	−0.044	0.052	0.395
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	−1.99	1.60	0.216
	Number of wake episodes	0.016	0.076	0.837
	Apnea/hypopnea index	0.00060	0.037	0.987
Log triglycerides^b	Sleep, hours	0.0039	0.027	0.882
	Sleep efficiency, % time in bed as sleeping	−0.0017	0.0028	0.539
	% time in stage 1	0.24	0.20	0.215
	% time in stage 2	−0.050	0.20	0.806
	% time in delta	−1.03	0.60	0.088
	% time in REM	−0.35	0.39	0.372
	Arousal index	0.0012	0.0023	0.614
	Average desaturation/apnea–hypopnea	−0.049	0.071	0.489
	Number of wake episodes	0.0025	0.0033	0.451
	Apnea/hypopnea index	0.0026	0.0016	0.111

Notes: Each model was adjusted for site, age, sex, race/ethnicity, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol, and diabetes duration, plus an indicator for glucose-^a or lipid-lowering^b medication use (assessed at home visits), as appropriate.

Abbreviations: REM, rapid eye movement; LDL, low-density lipid; HDL, high-density lipid.