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Nature and Science of Sleep Volume 14, 2022 - Issue
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Actigraphy-Based Sleep Detection: Validation with Polysomnography and Comparison of Performance for Nighttime and Daytime Sleep During Simulated Shift Work

Chenlu Gao1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USAView further author information
,
Peng Li1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4684-4909View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Christopher J Morris1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAView further author information
,
Xi Zheng1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USAView further author information
,
Ma Cherrysse Ulsa1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USAView further author information
,
Lei Gao1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA;4 Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USAORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-1460View further author information
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Frank AJL Scheer1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USAView further author information
&
Kun Hu1 Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA;2 Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA;3 Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USACorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0350-3132View further author information
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Pages 1801-1816 | Received 07 May 2022, Accepted 27 Sep 2022, Published online: 14 Oct 2022

Figures & data

Figure 1 Experiment protocols. (A and B) Two 8-day protocols in Experiment 1 were designed for non-shift workers, including (A) a circadian alignment protocol with nighttime sleep and (B) a misalignment protocol with nighttime sleep from Day 1 to Day 3, an afternoon nap on Day 4, and daytime sleep from Day 5 to Day 8. (C and D) Two 3-day protocols in Experiment 2 were designed for chronic shift workers, including (C) a circadian alignment protocol with nighttime sleep and (D) a misalignment protocol with an afternoon nap on Day 1 followed by nighttime sleep on Days 2–3.

Figure 1 Experiment protocols. (A and B) Two 8-day protocols in Experiment 1 were designed for non-shift workers, including (A) a circadian alignment protocol with nighttime sleep and (B) a misalignment protocol with nighttime sleep from Day 1 to Day 3, an afternoon nap on Day 4, and daytime sleep from Day 5 to Day 8. (C and D) Two 3-day protocols in Experiment 2 were designed for chronic shift workers, including (C) a circadian alignment protocol with nighttime sleep and (D) a misalignment protocol with an afternoon nap on Day 1 followed by nighttime sleep on Days 2–3.

Table 1 Participant Characteristics and Data Analyzed

Figure 2 (A) Sensitivity, (B) specificity, and (C) F1 score comparison of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms for scheduled sleep episodes. Each circle represents the value from an individual study protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *Indicates p<0.05.

Figure 2 (A) Sensitivity, (B) specificity, and (C) F1 score comparison of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms for scheduled sleep episodes. Each circle represents the value from an individual study protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *Indicates p<0.05.

Figure 3 Comparison of sensitivity of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms in detecting sleep during (A) light sleep (ie, N1 and N2), (B) slow-wave sleep (N3), and (C) REM sleep stages. Each circle represents the value from an individual study protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *p<0.05. *Indicates p<0.05.

Abbreviation: REM, rapid eye movement.
Figure 3 Comparison of sensitivity of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms in detecting sleep during (A) light sleep (ie, N1 and N2), (B) slow-wave sleep (N3), and (C) REM sleep stages. Each circle represents the value from an individual study protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *p<0.05. *Indicates p<0.05.

Figure 4 (A) Specificity and (B) F1 score comparison of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms using data during scheduled sleep episodes and using 24-h data. Each circle represents the value from an individual study Protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *Indicates p<0.05.

Figure 4 (A) Specificity and (B) F1 score comparison of actigraphy-based sleep scoring algorithms using data during scheduled sleep episodes and using 24-h data. Each circle represents the value from an individual study Protocol of a participant. The horizontal lines represent the mean and 1 standard deviation above/below the mean. *Indicates p<0.05.

Table 2 Agreement Between the Cole-Kripke Algorithm, Actiware, and PSG on Total Sleep Time (TST)

Figure 5 Agreement in total sleep time during scheduled sleep episodes between PSG- and (A) Cole-Kripke algorithm, (B) Actiware with low threshold, (C) Actiware with medium threshold, and (D) Actiware with high threshold. The dashed lines represent perfect agreement.

Abbreviation: TST, total sleep time.
Figure 5 Agreement in total sleep time during scheduled sleep episodes between PSG- and (A) Cole-Kripke algorithm, (B) Actiware with low threshold, (C) Actiware with medium threshold, and (D) Actiware with high threshold. The dashed lines represent perfect agreement.

Figure 6 Agreement in total sleep time during 24-hour periods between PSG- and (A) Cole-Kripke algorithm, (B) Actiware with low threshold, (C) Actiware with medium threshold, and (D) Actiware with high threshold. The dashed lines represent perfect agreement.

Abbreviation: TST, total sleep time.
Figure 6 Agreement in total sleep time during 24-hour periods between PSG- and (A) Cole-Kripke algorithm, (B) Actiware with low threshold, (C) Actiware with medium threshold, and (D) Actiware with high threshold. The dashed lines represent perfect agreement.

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