Insomnia Prevalence and Associated Factors Among University Students in Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown: A Large-Scale Survey

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Data and Insomnia

Variables	Total		ISI
	n	%	Mean	SD	P
Sex
Male	994	19.34	11.54	6.56	<0.001
Female	4146	80.66	13.23	6.60
Age
Mean	5140	100.00	12.90	6.62	r (5138) = −0.053, p<0.0001
Marital state
Single	4600	89.49	12.99	6.61	0.007
Married	477	9.28	11.94	6.58
Divorce	59	1.15	13.73	7.09
Widow	4	0.08	11.75	9.81
State - Region
Western	774	15.06	12.46	6.54	<0.001
Eastern	869	16.91	14.20	6.72
Northern	294	5.72	12.82	6.61
Southern	355	6.91	12.49	6.87
Central	2848	55.41	12.69	6.54
University type
Government	4679	91.03	12.90	6.62	0.849
Private	461	8.97	12.96	6.69
University age
Old universities	2111	41.07	12.66	6.57	0.028
New universities	3029	58.93	13.07	6.65
College specialty
Scientific colleges	1893	36.83	13.16	6.53	0.088
Health colleges	1642	31.95	12.81	6.66
Humanities colleges	1605	31.23	12.69	6.68
Academic level
1	446	8.68	13.64	6.62	<0.001
2	953	18.54	13.55	6.66
3	342	6.65	12.70	6.39
4	939	18.27	12.74	6.55
5	210	4.09	12.76	6.75
6	759	14.77	13.47	6.67
7	285	5.54	12.58	6.79
8	739	14.38	12.00	6.46
9	72	1.40	12.08	6.83
10	161	3.13	12.19	6.14
11	31	0.60	11.10	7.04
12	203	3.95	12.19	6.88
GPA
Excellent: above 4.5	1884	36.65	12.43	6.51	0.001
Very good: from 3.75 to 4.50	2026	39.42	13.24	6.61
Good: 2.75 to 3.75	968	18.83	13.10	6.75
Acceptable: From 2 to 2.75	262	5.10	12.95	6.88
A family member is a health worker
Yes	1898	36.93	13.06	6.60	0.185
No	3242	63.07	12.81	6.64
During your study, you lived with
Family	4770	92.80	12.89	6.59	0.066
Colleagues	87	1.69	11.68	6.95
Alone	283	5.51	13.52	6.96
Relative or acquaintance got COVID-19
Yes	156	3.04	15.06	7.31	<0.001
No	4984	96.96	12.83	6.59
Has chronic medical illness
Yes	578	11.25	14.95	6.67	<0.001
No	4562	88.75	12.64	6.57
Diagnosed with mental illness
Yes	371	7.22	15.68	6.18	<0.001
No	4769	92.78	12.68	6.61

Abbreviations: n, number; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Number of Students with Insomnia Severity (n = 5140)

Disorder	Level	n	(%)
Insomnia	0–7 No clinically significant insomnia	1175	22.9
	8–14 Subthreshold insomnia	1869	36.4
	15–21 Moderate severity	1542	30.0
	22–28 Severe	554	10.8

Table 3 Univariate Logistic Regression for Insomnia

	Odds Ratio	95% CI		P value
		Lower	Upper
Age	0.97	0.95	0.98	<0.001
Sex
Male*	1.00
Female	1.72	1.44	2.05	<0.001
Marital state
Single*	1.00
Married	0.66	0.52	0.84	0.001
Divorce	1.27	0.63	2.59	0.503
Widow	0.27	0.02	2.98	0.285
State- Region
Western regions	0.94	0.76	1.15	0.546
Eastern regions	1.62	1.31	1.99	<0.001
Northern regions	1.09	0.80	1.49	0.576
Southern regions	0.90	0.68	1.20	0.474
Central regions*	1.00
University type
Government	1.01	0.79	1.30	0.912
Private*	1.00
University age
Old universities*	1.00
New universities	1.15	0.99	1.32	0.066
College specialty
Scientific colleges	1.28	1.08	1.53	0.005
Health colleges	1.09	0.91	1.31	0.338
Humanities colleges*	1.00
Academic level
1	1.75	1.14	2.68	0.010
2	1.71	1.17	2.51	0.006
3	1.36	0.87	2.11	0.174
4	1.36	0.93	1.98	0.115
5	1.35	0.83	2.20	0.224
6	1.69	1.15	2.50	0.008
7	1.36	0.86	2.16	0.190
8	1.04	0.71	1.53	0.839
9	1.09	0.55	2.19	0.803
10	1.15	0.68	1.96	0.607
11	0.86	0.35	2.08	0.735
12*	1.00
GPA
Excellent: above 4.5*	1.00
Very good: from 3.75 to 4.50	1.32	1.12	1.56	0.001
Good: 2.75 to 3.75	1.19	0.98	1.46	0.085
Acceptable: From 2 to 2.75	1.22	0.87	1.71	0.246
A family member is a health worker
Yes	1.12	0.96	1.29	0.151
No*	1.00
During your Study Live with
Family	0.84	0.61	1.15	0.281
Colleges	0.55	0.29	1.05	0.069
Alone*	1.00
Relative or acquaintances got COVID-19
Yes	1.75	1.15	2.68	0.001
No*	1.00
Has chronic medical illness
Yes	2.29	1.77	2.97	<0.001
No*	1.00
Had been Diagnosed with mental illness
Yes	3.42	2.41	4.84	<0.001
No*	1.00

Note: *Used as a reference.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Multivariable Logistic Regression for Insomnia

	Odds Ratio	95% CI		P value
		Lower	Upper
Age	0.98	0.96	1.00	0.053
Sex
Male*	1.00
Female	1.74	1.43	2.11	<0.001
Marital state
Single*	1.00
Married	0.68	0.52	0.88	0.004
Divorce	1.06	0.49	2.29	0.884
Widow	0.39	0.03	5.73	0.491
State- Region
Western regions	1.06	0.85	1.32	0.593
Eastern regions	1.57	1.26	1.95	<0.001
Northern regions	1.17	0.85	1.62	0.333
Southern regions	1.01	0.75	1.36	0.949
Central regions*	1.00
College specialty
Scientific colleges	1.26	1.04	1.53	0.016
Health colleges	1.03	0.84	1.25	0.802
Humanities colleges*	1.00
Academic level
1	1.26	0.80	2.01	0.322
2	1.30	0.86	1.97	0.212
3	1.09	0.68	1.74	0.721
4	1.03	0.69	1.56	0.876
5	1.14	0.69	1.91	0.606
6	1.44	0.95	2.17	0.087
7	1.28	0.79	2.08	0.324
8	0.94	0.62	1.41	0.760
9	1.09	0.53	2.23	0.814
10	1.16	0.67	2.03	0.591
11	0.66	0.26	1.68	0.381
12*	1.00
GPA
Excellent: above 4.5*	1.00
Very good: from 3.75 to 4.50	0.76	0.54	1.09	0.139
Good: 2.75 to 3.75	1.03	0.72	1.47	0.865
Acceptable: From 2 to 2.75	0.99	0.68	1.43	0.953
Relative or acquaintances got COVID-19
Yes	1.61	1.03	2.51	0.036
No*	1.00
Has chronic medical illness
Yes	1.97	1.50	2.57	<0.001
No*	1.00
Had been Diagnosed with mental illness
Yes	3.21	2.24	4.61	<0.001
No*	1.00

Note: *Used as a reference.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.