Sleep Disturbances in Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic of Adolescents with ADHD and Typically Developing Adolescents

Demographic Variables	ADHD Group (N=39)	Comparison Group (N=33)
Age	M (SD)	M (SD)
	13.33 (0.98)	13 (0.97)
Gender	% (n)	% (n)
Boys	49 (19)	42 (14)
Girls	51 (20)	58 (19)
SES	% (n)	% (n)
Below average	15 (6)	16 (5)
Average	26 (10)	26 (8)
Above average	58 (18)	59 (23)

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard dviation; % (n), percentage out of total number of participants; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; SES, socioeconomic status.

Table 2 Objective Sleep Measures of Adolescents with ADHD and Typically Developing Adolescents without Consideration of Different Levels of Subjectively Reported Sleep Disturbances

			M	SD
Sleep Schedule	Sleep Onset Time	Control	22:40:14	124.31
		ADHD	23:22:23	66.24
	Sleep Offset Time	Control	7:12:05	31:51
		ADHD	7:11:04	41.33
Sleep Duration	Time in Bed	Control	511.35	48.91
		ADHD	493.05	57.40
	Actual Sleep Time	Control	426.43	34.20
		ADHD	402.96	52.82
Sleep Efficiency		Control	83.7%	4.29
		ADHD	81.92%	5.81

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Table 3 Objective Sleep Measures of Adolescents with ADHD and Typically Developing Adolescents in Different Risk Levels for Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

			DSPS Low Risk, M (SD)	DSPS Moderate/High Risk, M (SD)
Sleep Schedule	Sleep Onset Time	Control	22:29:26 (2:14:37)	23:28:50 (0:39:22)
		ADHD	23:06:50 (0:49:49)	23:52:18 (1:24:36)
		Total	22:47:25 (1:43:44)	23:44:53 (1:12:59)
	Sleep Offset Time	Control	7:05:22 (0:22:45)	7:42:20 (0:49:36)
		ADHD	7:02:52 (0:35:59)	7:26:50 (0:48:12)
		Total	7:04:10 (0:29:34)	7:31:44 (0:47:49)
Sleep Duration	Time in Bed	Control	509.03 (43.06)	521.80 (74.23)
		ADHD	497.12 (52.36)	485.23 (67.64)
		Total	503.31 (47.65)	496.78 (69.9)
	Actual Sleep Time	Control	428.80 (32.42)	415.78 (43.04)
		ADHD	410.72 (48.29)	388.02 (59.75)
		Total	420.11 (41.43)	396.78 (55.41)
Sleep Efficiency		Control	84.39 (3.92)	80.38 (4.71)
		ADHD	82.73 (5.54)	80.35 (6.23)
		Total	83.59 (4.7)	80.36 (5.66)

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DSPS, delayed sleep phase syndrome.

Table 4 Objective Sleep Measures of Adolescents with ADHD and Typically Developing Adolescents with Different Levels of Insomnia

			No Insomnia, M (SD)	Subthreshold Insomnia, M (SD)	Clinical Insomnia, M (SD)
Sleep Schedule	Sleep Onset Time	Control	22:36:38 (2:22)	22:47:00 (0:42:29)	22:59:00 (0:14:00)
		ADHD	23:29:31 (1:02:24)	23:16:03 (1:12:25)	23:19:00 (1:11:25)
		Total	22:58:02 (1:58:41)	23:09:27 (1:07:03)	23:10:25 (2:04:31)
	Sleep Offset Time	Control	7:08:31 (0:29:33)	7:05:12 (0:19:12)	7:53:20 (0:46:45)
		ADHD	7:09:49 (0:33:27)	7:15:45 (0:51:26)	6:56:30 (0:28:06)
		Total	7:09:02 (0:30:47)	7:13:21 (0:45:54)	7:20:51 (0:45:14)
Sleep Duration	Time in Bed	Control	500.55 (42.37)	522.24 (54.96)	583.3 (34.26)
		ADHD	477.84 (65.3)	509.53 (49.29)	487.68 (45.46)
		Total	491.35 (53.2)	512.41 (49.56)	528.66 (63.53)
	Actual Sleep Time	Control	421.96 (33.27)	436.54 (37.17)	446.8 (39.2)
		ADHD	392.03 (50.42)	415.34 (52.05)	396.74 (69.3)
		Total	409.85 (43.14)	420.16 (49.09)	418.2 (60.25)
Sleep Efficiency		Control	84.44 (3.87)	83.92 (3.71)	76.70 (2.47)
		ADHD	82.38 (5.99)	81.60 (4.97)	81.27 (9.5)
		Total	83.61 (4.88)	82.13 (4.74)	79.31 (7.3)

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Table 5 ADHD Symptoms of Adolescents with ADHD in Different Risk Levels for Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome

	DSPS Low Risk, M (SD)	DSPS Moderate/High Risk, M(SD)
ADHD-RS Total Score	14.55 (10.86)	22.7 (10.48)
ADHD-RS Inattention Scale	9.06 (7.06)	12.95 (6.42)
ADHD-RS Hyperactivity/Impulsivity	5.49 (5.06)	9.79 (5.75)

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-RS, The ADHD Rating Scale; DSPS, delayed sleep phase syndrome.

Table 6 ADHD Symptoms of Adolescents with ADHD with Different Levels of Insomnia

	No Insomnia, M (SD)	Subthreshold Insomnia, M (SD)	Clinical Insomnia, M (SD)
ADHD-RS Total Score	13.048 (9.49)	22.56 (11.98)	19.43 (11.48)
ADHD-RS Inattention Scale	7.67 (5.8)	14.09 (7.55)	11.43 (6.55)
ADHD-RS Hyperactivity/Impulsivity	5.38 (5.14)	8.48 (5.66)	8 (6.27)

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; ADHD-RS, The ADHD Rating Scale.