A First Glimpse at the Latent Structure of Sleep Valuation Using a Sleep Valuation Item Bank

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Features

Gender
Male	427 (50%)
Female	421 (49%)
Transgender	7 (1%)
Age, y	46 (17)
Race/Ethnicity
White/Caucasian	450 (53%)
Black/African American	152 (18%)
Asian/Asian American	100 (12%)
Latino/Latina	76 (9%)
Other	40 (5%)
Mixed	33 (4%)
Education
Grade 7–12	30 (4%)
Graduated high school equivalent	50 (6%)
Graduated high school	134 (16%)
Some college	205 (24%)
Graduated 2-year college	97 (11%)
Graduated 4-year college	209 (25%)
Part graduate degree	21 (2%)
Completed graduate degree	105 (12%)
Income
<$10,000	219 (26%)
$10,000-$40,000	328 (39%)
$40,001-$90,000	210 (25%)
$90,001-$190,000	75 (9%)
>$190,000	19 (2%)
Marital Status
Married	334 (39%)
Never married	327 (38%)
Divorced/Annulled	86 (10%)
Widowed	49 (6%)
Cohabitating	44 (5%)
Separated	13 (1%)
Occupation
Employed full-time	306 (36%)
Retired	175 (21%)
Employed part-time	97 (11%)
Unemployed, seeking work	79 (9%)
Disabled	68 (8%)
Caregiving/housekeeping full-time	52 (6%)
Full-time student/training	38 (4%)
Unemployed, not seeking work	25 (3%)
Other	7 (1%)
General health estimate	71 (22)

Note: n(%), M(SD).

Table 2 Factor Eigenvalues

Factor	Eigenvalue	Difference	Proportion	Cumulative
Factor 1 – Sleep Wanting	11.98	8.46	0.65	0.65
Factor 2 – Sleep Prioritizing	3.52	1.65	0.19	0.84
Factor 3 – Sleep Onset Preference	1.87	0.71	0.10	0.94
Factor 4 – Sleep Devaluation	1.16	0.42	0.06	1.00

Table 3 Exploratory Factor Analysis with a Promax Rotation of the Sleep Valuation Item Bank

Item	Sleep Wanting	Sleep Prioritizing	Sleep Onset Preference	Sleep Devaluation
4. I generally prefer to sleep in	0.708
1. I generally desire more sleep	0.700
6. If I had to choose between sleeping in a little longer or eating breakfast, I would choose to sleep in	0.698
7. I try to sleep as much as I can	0.662
23. I want to sleep more because I feel sleepy	0.638
27. I want to sleep more because I am not getting enough restful sleep	0.624
2. When I have nothing to do, I would prefer to sleep	0.571
9. I would rather stay asleep than wake up	0.542
5. When I wake up in the morning or my alarm goes off, I generally try to go back to sleep	0.536
8. I take every opportunity I can to sleep	0.531
18. I would want to sleep more if my sleep were more restful	0.485
19. I want to sleep more because I enjoy it so much	0.458
43. I try to catch up on sleep on days off	0.458
37. I modify my daytime activities to accommodate my sleep		0.790
36. I schedule my day around my sleep		0.748
38. I keep track of how much sleep I have lost and how much sleep I hope to make up later		0.726
40. If I need more sleep, I am likely to sleep in even if that means I will be late		0.541
26. I want to sleep even when I am not sleepy		0.536
39. If I lose sleep on one night, I try to make it up by napping or sleeping more another night		0.505
11. I would rather get in bed to sleep at night than stay up later to do my hobbies			0.801
12. I would rather get in bed to sleep at night than stay up to engage in social activities			0.722
10. I would rather get in bed to sleep at night than stay up to do household tasks			0.716
42. I feel that sleep is a waste of time				0.654
21. When I feel sleepy at night, I push through it so I can stay awake longer				0.631
31. I dread going to sleep at night				0.606
16. When I am sleepy, I would rather surf the web, watch a movie, engage in social media, or play a video game than go to sleep				0.571
29. I wish I could sleep less				0.492
20. When I feel sleepy at night, I try to go to sleep				−0.488
33. If I could function without sleep, I would sleep less than I do				0.416

Notes: Most of the items that loaded onto the devaluation factor were negatively worded, thus a higher devaluation score is derived from lower scores on those items and a higher score on item 20, which was not negatively worded. The items included in the Sleep Valuation Item Bank have been previously published and are included here in accordance with the original publishers open access policy. Adapted from Nielson SA, Taylor J, Simmons Z, Decker AN, Kay DB, Cribbet MR. Sleep valuation is associated with components of sleep health and daytime functioning in a college sample: a survey study. Int J Environ Res Public Health¹⁹

Table 4 Factor Correlations

	Sleep Wanting	Sleep Prioritizing	Sleep Onset Preference
Sleep prioritizing	0.400***	–	–
Sleep onset preference	0.323***	0.329***	–
Sleep devaluation	0.136***	0.160***	−0.125***

Note: ***p < 0.001.

Figure 1 Scree plot with inflection point suggesting 4 factors are captured by the Sleep Valuation Item Bank.

Table 5 Results of the Multiple Regression Predictors of Sleep Valuation Item Bank Factor Scores

Statistic	Sleep Wanting			Sleep Prioritizing			Sleep Onset Preference			Sleep Devaluation
f	9.76			3.53			2.15			4.59
df	35, 711			35, 711			35, 711			35, 711
p	<0.001			<0.001			<0.001			<0.001
Adj. R^2	0.291			0.106			0.051			0.144
Characteristic	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	P	β
Gender (male comparison)
Female	2.34	0.020*	0.085	−2.64	0.008*	−0.108	−1.51	0.130	−0.064	−2.04	0.042*	−0.081
Transgender	0.05	0.958	0.002	0.12	0.907	0.004	0.46	0.646	0.017	0.54	0.592	0.019
Race (White comparison)
Black/African American	1.76	0.078	0.060	0.32	0.746	0.012	−0.20	0.838	−0.008	−1.73	0.083	−0.065
Asian/Asian American	0.76	0.448	0.027	1.30	0.193	0.052	−0.36	0.721	−0.015	−1.15	0.250	−0.045
Latino/Latina	0.53	0.598	0.018	0.23	0.820	0.009	1.03	0.303	0.041	−1.49	0.136	−0.056
Other	0.04	0.965	0.002	−0.36	0.716	−0.014	−1.59	0.111	−0.062	−0.16	0.873	−0.006
Mixed	−0.09	0.932	−0.003	−0.17	0.863	−0.006	−0.77	0.439	−0.030	0.05	0.961	0.002
Marital status (married comparison)
Never married	−0.07	0.943	−0.003	0.17	0.867	0.008	−0.89	0.373	−0.043	−0.40	0.687	−0.019
Divorced/Annulled	−0.14	0.886	−0.005	0.28	0.778	0.011	−0.29	0.773	−0.012	−0.11	0.909	−0.004
Widowed	0.73	0.466	0.026	1.03	0.305	0.040	1.15	0.250	0.047	−0.78	0.435	−0.030
Cohabitating	0.67	0.504	0.022	−2.10	0.036*	−0.079	−1.44	0.152	−0.055	−0.29	0.775	−0.011
Separated	−0.10	0.919	−0.003	0.01	0.990	0.001	0.02	0.981	0.001	−2.03	0.042*	−0.071
Education (graduated 4-year college comparison)
Grade 7–12	−0.81	0.416	−0.028	−0.34	0.733	−0.013	−2.32	0.020*	−0.092	0.40	0.678	0.015
Graduated high school equivalent	0.95	0.344	0.033	−0.21	0.830	−0.008	−1.19	0.236	−0.047	1.86	0.064	0.070
Graduated high school	1.26	0.207	0.049	0.58	0.565	0.025	−1.59	0.11	−0.071	1.06	0.290	0.045
Part college or trade school but no degree	0.94	0.349	0.038	−0.72	0.471	−0.032	−1.10	0.270	−0.051	−0.73	0.466	−0.032
Graduate 2-year college or trade school	0.89	0.371	0.032	−0.36	0.719	−0.014	−0.40	0.687	−0.017	−1.22	0.224	−0.048
Part graduate or professional degree	0.66	0.509	0.022	0.56	0.573	0.021	−1.16	0.247	−0.044	−0.19	0.852	−0.007
Completed graduate or professional degree	0.94	0.347	0.035	0.59	0.557	0.025	0.22	0.826	0.010	−2.24	0.025*	−0.091
Characteristic	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	p	β	t	P	β
Occupation (employed full-time comparison)
Retired	−2.46	0.014*	−0.111	−1.42	0.156	−0.072	0.86	0.391	0.045	−0.93	0.350	−0.047
Part-time	−0.75	0.456	−0.027	−2.05	0.041*	−0.083	−2.13	0.034*	−0.089	−1.23	0.221	−0.048
Unemployed, seeking work	−2.77	0.006**	−0.106	−1.38	0.169	−0.059	−0.74	0.462	−0.033	−1.20	0.231	−0.050
Disabled	−1.70	0.089	−0.066	−1.46	0.144	−0.064	0.28	0.782	0.012	−1.96	0.050*	−0.084
Caregiving/housekeeping	−0.91	0.361	−0.034	−0.87	0.387	−0.036	0.94	0.349	0.041	−1.71	0.088	−0.070
Full-time student/training	−0.84	0.401	−0.030	−2.67	0.008**	−0.106	−1.49	0.137	−0.061	0.10	0.917	0.004
Unemployed, not seeking	0.55	0.586	0.019	0.29	0.773	0.011	1.20	0.229	0.047	−0.04	0.968	−0.002
Other	−1.55	0.123	−0.050	−1.89	0.059	−0.069	−0.02	0.986	−0.001	−0.52	0.605	−0.019
General health estimate	0.23	0.817	0.008	0.47	0.639	0.019	0.25	0.806	0.010	−0.89	0.372	−0.035
Age	−3.18	0.002**	−0.159	−2.34	0.019*	−0.131	0.07	0.944	0.004	−3.46	0.001**	−0.189
Income ($10,000-$40,000 comparison)
$0-$10,000	−0.52	0.605	−0.021	−0.35	0.723	−0.016	−1.45	0.147	−0.067	0.71	0.475	0.031
$40,001-$90,000	−0.33	0.745	−0.012	0.04	0.971	0.002	−0.88	0.381	−0.038	0.48	0.631	0.020
$90,001-$190,000	1.07	0.287	0.041	3.18	0.002**	0.137	−0.74	0.460	−0.033	2.55	0.011*	0.107
$190,000+	−0.66	0.509	−0.022	−0.65	0.514	−0.024	−0.17	0.867	−0.006	0.55	0.580	0.020
Depression	1.52	0.129	0.065	2.81	0.005**	0.135	2.37	0.018*	0.118	2.38	0.017*	0.112
Insomnia Severity Index score	9.93	<0.001***	0.414	1.75	0.080	0.082	2.63	0.009**	0.127	3.20	0.001**	0.147

Note: Bolded values signify significance at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001.

Nielson SA, Taylor J, Simmons Z, Decker AN, Kay DB, Cribbet MR. Sleep valuation is associated with components of sleep health and daytime functioning in a college sample: a survey study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(11):5644. doi:10.3390/ijerph18115644

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