Ventricular orexin-A (hypocretin-1) levels correlate with rapid-eye-movement sleep without atonia in Parkinson’s disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Nighttime sleep parameters

	#1, F	#2, F	#3, F	#4, F	#5, M	#6, M	#7, M	#8, M
Age, years	62	66	52	52	69	48	63	54
Disease duration (years)	13	18	15	8	7	12	18	11
Sleep latency (minutes)	45	10	46.5	16.7	66.5	10.5	24	20
Sleep efficiency (%)	89	78	50.3	80.2	45.3	77	84	80
TST (minutes)	413	375	311	385	269	360	467	346
Stage N2 (minutes)	41	60	44	70	40	49	43	47
Stage N3 (minutes)	111	49	67	32	83	82	110	104
REM (%)	24	20	21	7	17	26	28	14
REM latency (minutes)	115	65	112	95	128	216	109	64
3-second REM epochs with any activity (%)	6	37	19	43	5	6	33	4
AHI (events/hour)	7	2	8	3	7	10	9	10
PLMs (events/hour)	0	2	0	5	0	4	0	17
Fragmentation (events/hour)	20	27	21	28	18	9	11	12
Orexin-A (pg/mL)	50	240	200	230	138	156	450	39

Notes: Sleep latency was nighttime sleep latency of the first N2 epoch; sleep stage N3 is slow-wave sleep; any activity/REM was calculated as percentage of 3-second REM epochs with “any” activity.

Abbreviations: TST, total sleep time; REM, rapid eye movement; AHI, apnea/hypopnea index; PLMs, periodic limb movements; F, female; M, male.

Figure 1 (A) Association between ventricular orexin-A levels (pg/mL) and loss of rapid-eye-movement (REM) atonia. (B) Orexin-A levels (pg/mL) based on the percentage of REM without atonia.

Notes: (A) Plot of the percentage of REM sleep mini-epochs without atonia (using “any” electromyographic activity) and orexin-A levels for each patient (B) Orexin-A levels in patients with less than 18% (n = 4, left) and in patients with more than 18% (n = 4, right) of REM epochs without atonia. Horizontal black bars represent median values for each group. *P < 0.05.