The Mediating Role of Family Functions Between Pregnancy-Related Anxiety and Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Figure 1 The mediating effect model of family functions on the relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety and sleep quality.

Table 1 General Demographic Characteristics of Participants (N=1014)

Variables		N	Percentages (%)
Age (years)	≤35	898	88.56
	>35	116	11.44
Pre-pregnancy BMI	<18.5	114	11.24
	18.5~23.9	644	63.51
	≥24	256	25.25
Whether the first birth	Yes	414	40.83
	No	600	59.17
Only child	Yes	142	14.00
	No	872	86.00
Place of residence	City	856	84.42
	Rural	158	15.58
Education level	Middle School and below	125	12.33
	High School/Junior College	167	16.47
	College / Bachelor	657	64.79
	Postgraduate and above	65	6.41
Profession	Unemployed	242	23.87
	Farmers / Workers	45	4.44
	Enterprise	382	37.67
	Others	345	34.02
Personality	Introverted	118	11.64
	Moderate	688	67.85
	Extrovert	208	20.51
Pregnancy intention	Planned Pregnancy	364	35.90
	Let nature take its course	486	47.93
	Accidental Pregnancy	164	16.17
Spontaneous abortions	No	867	85.50
	Yes	147	14.50
Monthly income per capita	<¥2000	59	5.82
	¥2000~¥5000	529	52.17
	>¥5000	426	42.01
Pregnancy	Early Pregnancy	81	7.99
	Mid-pregnancy	448	44.18
	Late Pregnancy	485	47.83

Table 2 The Relationship of Descriptive Socio-Demographics with Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Scale (PAQ), Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection and Resolve, (APGAR), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

Variables		N	PSQI		PAQ		APGAR
			Mean ±SD	P value	Mean ±SD	P value	Mean ±SD	P value
Age (years)	≤34	859	7.81±2.97	0.366	21.88±5.57	0.082	8.11±2.25	0.458
	≥35	155	8.31±3.08		21.65±6.05		8.00±2.32
Pre-pregnancy BMI	<18.5	114	7.76±3.23	0.664	21.41±5.02	0.624	8.01±2.24	0.873
	18.5~23.9	644	7.95±2.97		21.95±5.75		8.09±2.24
	>24	256	7.78±2.94		21.77±5.64		8.14±2.31
Whether the first birth	Yes	414	7.87±2.98	0.720	21.88±5.52	0.328	8.29±2.19	0.065
	No	600	7.90±3.00		21.82±5.73		7.96±2.30
Only child	Yes	142	7.59±2.83	0.371	21.35±5.43	0.576	8.50±2.03	0.013
	No	872	7.93±3.01		21.93±5.68		8.03±2.29
Place of residence	City	856	7.97±2.97	0.406	21.84±5.62	0.390	8.14±2.23	0.308
	Rural	158	7.44±3.07		21.87±5.79		7.88±2.41
Education level	Middle School and below	125	7.52±3.26	0.489	22.79±6.70	0.234	7.31±2.63	<0.001
	High School/Junior College	167	8.05±3.04		21.53±5.71		7.80±2.55
	College / Bachelor	657	7.91±2.96		21.74±5.42		8.26±2.11
	Postgraduate and above	65	7.92±2.67		21.88±5.42		8.75±1.68
Profession	Unemployed	242	8.23±3.20	0.188	22.71±6.20	0.036	7.69±2.40	<0.001
	Farmers / Workers	45	7.44±3.17		20.78±4.97		7.40±2.80
	Enterprise	382	7.83±2.86		21.67±5.44		8.55±1.98
	Others	345	7.77±2.95		21.56±5.49		7.98±2.28
Personality	Introverted	118	7.94±3.04	0.940	22.71±6.07	0.192	7.02±2.64	<0.001
	Moderate	688	7.86±2.88		21.77±5.31		8.23±2.15
	Extrovert	208	7.93±3.30		21.60±6.42		8.25±2.22
Pregnancy intention	Planned Pregnancy	364	7.81±3.02	<0.001	20.86±5.12	<0.001	8.50±1.93	<0.001
	Let nature take its course	486	7.67±2.84		21.97±5.75		7.95±2.35
	Accidental Pregnancy	164	8.71±3.22		23.65±5.95		7.62±2.50
Spontaneous abortions	No	867	7.83±3.02	0.183	21.86±5.78	0.025	8.12±2.27	0.989
	Yes	147	8.25±2.82		21.74±4.75		7.95±2.22
Monthly income per capita	<¥2000	59	7.66±3.18	0.836	23.36±6.61	0.007	7.03±2.74	<0.001
	¥2000~¥5000	529	7.90±2.98		22.13±5.70		8.00±2.32
	>¥5000	426	7.90±2.98		21.28±5.37		8.36±2.04
Pregnancy	Early Pregnancy	81	7.58±2.97	<0.001	22.07±5.70	0.570	8.06±2.35	0.350
	Mid-pregnancy	448	7.44±2.82		22.01±5.65		7.99±2.27
	Late Pregnancy	485	8.35±3.08		21.65±5.62		8.20±2.23

Notes: P < 0.05 was accepted to be statistically significant. Statistically significant P values are written in bold.

Figure 2 Correlations between the pregnancy-related anxiety, family functions, sleep quality, and their subscales.

Table 3 Mediating Model Test of Family Functions in Anxiety and Sleep Quality During Pregnancy on the First and Second Trimesters

Regression Equations		Fitted Indicators		Significance of Coefficients				P
Result Variables	Predictive variables	R^2	F(df)	β	t	LLCI	ULCI
Sleep quality		0.0826	47.4593
	Anxiety			0.1440	6.8891	0.1030	0.1851	<0.000 1
Family functions		0.0459	25.3441
	Anxiety			−0.0863	−5.0343	−0.1199	−0.0526	<0.000 1
Sleep quality		0.0975	28.3986
	Family functions			−0.1552	−2.9409	−0.2589	−0.0515	<0.000 1
	Anxiety			0.1306	6.1479	0.0889	0.1724	<0.000 1

Table 4 Mediating Model Test of Family Functions in Anxiety and Sleep Quality During Pregnancy on the Third Trimesters

Regression Equations		Fitted Indicators		Significance of Coefficients				P
Result Variables	Predictive variables	R^2	F(df)	β	t	LLCI	ULCI
Sleep quality		0.0616	31.7089
	Anxiety			0.1361	5.6311	0.0886	0.1836	<0.000 1
Family functions		0.0604	31.0401
	Anxiety			−0.0975	−5.5714	−0.1319	−0.0631	<0.000 1
Sleep quality		0.1055	28.4372
	Family functions			−0.2988	−4.8659	−0.4195	−0.1782	<0.000 1
	Anxiety			0.1070	4.3894	0.0591	0.1548	<0.000 1

Figure 3 Path diagram of the mediating effect of family functions in the relationship between pregnancy-related anxiety and sleep quality (N = 1014).