Wavelet Entropy Analysis of Electroencephalogram Signals During Wake and Different Sleep Stages in Patients with Insomnia Disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 The Correspondence Between Different Wavelet Scales and Their Central Frequencies

Scales	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Frequency (Hz)	117.06	78.04	52.02	34.68	23.12	15.41	10.28
Scales	10	11	12	13	14	15	16
Frequency (Hz)	6.85	4.57	3.04	2.03	1.35	0.90	0.60

Table 2 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants in the Two Groups

	Insomnia Disorder Group (n = 16)	Normal Control Group (n = 16)	Statistics	P value
Gender (M/F)	4/12	6/10	0.58^a	0.446
Age[M(QR)]	56 (15.80)	50 (36.00)	−0.74^b	0.462
ISI score[M(QR)]	18 (6)	3 (2)	−4.84^b	<0.001

Notes: ^aRepresents χ² value, ^bRepresents Z value.

Figure 1 The change trend of integral wavelet entropy during wake and different sleep stages in normal control group.

Table 3 Comparison of Integral Wavelet Entropy During Wake and Different Sleep Stages in Normal Control Group

Stage	M	QR	P value
Wake	2.35	0.24	<0.001
N1	2.22	0.19
N2	2.21	0.20
N3	2.06	0.19
REM	2.18	0.25

Table 4 Comparison of Integral Wavelet Entropy During Wake and Different Sleep Stages in Insomnia Disorder Group

Stage	M	QR	P value
Wake	2.30	0.24	<0.001
N1	2.23	0.18
N2	2.19	0.21
N3	2.09	0.21
REM	2.23	0.20

Figure 2 The change trend of integral wavelet entropy during wake and different sleep stages in insomnia disorder group.

Table 5 The Comparison of Integral Wavelet Entropy During Wake and Different Sleep Stages Between the Insomnia Disorder and Normal Control Groups

	Wake	N1	N2	N3	REM
NC[M,(QR]	2.35 (0.24)	2.22 (0.19)	2.21 (0.20)	2.06 (0.19)	2.18 (0.25)
ID[M,(QR)]	2.30 (0.24)	2.23 (0.18)	2.19 (0.21)	2.09 (0.21)	2.23 (0.20)
Z value	−6.261	−0.486	−4.467	−4.766	−6.924
P value	<0.001	0.627	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Figure 3 Differences in the integral wavelet entropy during wake and different sleep stages between the insomnia disorder and normal control groups.

Note: ***Represents P < 0.001.

Abbreviations: NC, normal control group; ID, insomnia disorder group.

Figure 4 (A-E) The differences at the individual-scale wavelet entropy during wake and different sleep stages between the insomnia disorder and normal control groups.

Notes: *Represents P < 0.001, *Represents P<0.01, *Represents P<0.05.

Abbreviations: NC, normal control group; ID, insomnia disorder group.

Figure 5 (A-E) The differences in the individual-scale wavelet entropy in different frequency bands during wake and different sleep stages between the normal control and insomnia disorder groups.

Notes: ***Represents P<0.001; **Represents P<0.01; *Represents P<0.05; ns represents P>0.05.

Abbreviations: NC, normal control group; ID, insomnia disorder group.