The Changed Nocturnal Sleep Structure and Higher Anxiety, Depression, and Fatigue in Patients with Narcolepsy Type 1

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of General Data Between Patients with NT1 and the Control Group

	NT1 (n=30)	Control (n=35)	χ^2/Z	P
Sex, n (%)
Male	21 (70.0)	21 (60.0)	0.707	0.401
Female	9 (30.0)	14 (40.0)
Age (year)	24.50 (17.00, 36.00)	32.00 (20.00, 45.00)	−1.292	0.196
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.40 (22.83, 27.73)	23.20 (20.48, 25.00)	−1.895	0.058

Abbreviations: NT1, Narcolepsy type 1; BMI, body mass index.

Table 2 Comparison of PSG Parameters Between Patients with NT1 and the Control Group

Factors	NT1 (n=30)	Control (n=35)	Waldχ^2	P	Padj
TST (min)	458.25 (415.63, 484.75)	412.21 (386.83, 442.50)	7.676	0.006	0.007*
SE (min)	74.75 (60.80, 84.78)	87.70 (77.20, 93.30)	10.982	0.001	0.002*
SOL (min)	2.65 (1.00, 8.23)	15.79 (13.50, 18.20)	17.930	<0.001	<0.001**
WASO (min)	127.90 (59.50, 289.00)	42.76 (17.06, 99.35)	10.735	0.001	0.002*
N1 (%)	24.15 (12.58, 31.00)	4.40 (3.70, 5.40)	8.209	0.004	0.006*
N2 (%)	44.75 (38.38, 51.15)	52.10 (48.50, 53.80)	7.763	0.006	0.007*
N3 (%)	7.35 (0.35, 20.05)	21.20 (19.70, 23.30)	13.190	<0.001	<0.001**
REM (%)	18.10 (14.13, 25.90)	21.80 (19.10, 25.30)	6.289	0.012	0.013*

Notes: Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to correct sex, age, and BMI, and Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used to adjust P values to control for false discovery rate. *Represents statistical difference (P_adj <0.05), **represents statistically significant difference (P_adj <0.001).

Abbreviations: PSG, polysomnography; NT1, Narcolepsy type 1; TST, total sleep time; SE, sleep efficiency; SOL, sleep onset latency; WASO, wake after sleep onset; REM, rapid eye movement.

Table 3 Comparison of ESS, GAD-7, PHQ-9, and FSS Scores Between Patients with NT1 and the Control Group

Scale	Score	NT1 (n=30)	Control (n=35)	Waldχ^2	P	Padj
ESS	0–6	2 (6.67%)	34 (97.14%)	9.707	0.002	0.003*
	7–11	5 (16.67%)	1 (2.86%)
	12–16	7 (23.33%)	0
	17–24	16 (53.33%)	0
GAD-7	0–4	8 (26.67%)	31 (88.57%)	16.951	<0.001	<0.001**
	5–9	16 (53.33%)	4 (11.43%)
	10–14	5 (16.67%)	0
	15–21	1 (3.33%)	0
PHQ-9	0–4	3 (10.0%)	34 (97.14%)	11.818	0.001	0.002*
	5–9	9 (30.0%)	1 (2.86%)
	10–14	10 (33.33%)	0
	15–19	5 (16.67%)	0
	20–27	3 (10.0%)	0
FSS	0–63	30	35	9.426	0.002	0.003*

Notes: Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to correct sex, age, and BMI, and Benjamini-Hochberg correction was used to adjust P values to control for false discovery rate. *Represents statistical difference (P_adj <0.05), **represents statistically significant difference (P_adj <0.001).

Abbreviations: ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; NT1, Narcolepsy type 1.

Figure 1 Comparison of anxiety propensity and brain fatigue between patients with NT1 and the control group (Ranks plot). (a) Comparison of anxiety propensity between NT1 patients and the control group; (b) Comparison of brain fatigue between NT1 patients and the control group.

Notes: *Represents statistical difference (P_adj < 0.05), **represents statistically significant difference (P_adj < 0.001).

Abbreviation: NT1, Narcolepsy type 1.

Figure 2 Correlation between FSS scores, mean sleep latency, and brain fatigue in patients with NT1. (a) Correlation between FSS scores and brain fatigue in patients with NT1; (b) Correlation between mean sleep latency and brain fatigue in patients with NT1; (c) Correlation between FSS scores and mean sleep latency in patients with NT1.

Abbreviations: FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; NT1, Narcolepsy type 1.

Figure 3 Changes in ESS scores and brain fatigue before and after drug treatment. (a) Changes in ESS scores before and after treatment; (b) Changes in brain fatigue before and after treatment.

Notes: *Represents statistical difference (P<0.05).

Abbreviation: ESS, Epworth sleepiness scale.