The Association Between Sleep Problems and Attentional Network Functions in Patients with Self-Limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of Sleep Duration and CSHQ Between Children with and without SeLECTS

Parameter	SeLECTS Group	Healthy Control Group	Z/χ²	P
Daily sleep duration, h	9.08±0.90	9.25±1.36	−0.546^a	0.585
Bedtime Resistance	7.37±2.85	6.57±2.57	1.941^a	0.052
Sleep Onset Delay	1.49±0.98	0.71±0.71	5.701^a	<0.001
Sleep Duration	3.50±1.41	2.80±0.93	3.511^a	<0.001
Night Waking	3.93±1.57	2.99±1.16	4.164^a	<0.001
Parasomnias	9.09±2.09	6.90±1.88	6.821^a	<0.001
Sleep Disordered Breathing	2.77±2.93	2.64±1.01	0.164^a	0.869
Daytime Sleepiness	11.79±2.25	9.19±2.25	6.958^a	<0.001
Sleep Anxiety	4.51±1.16	3.39±1.41	5.735^a	<0.001
Total CSHQ score	44.45±6.65	35.19 ±7.83	7.639^a	<0.001
Sleep disorders	64 (59.81)	20(22.22)	28.242^b	<0.001

Notes: P < 0.05 is marked in bold and is the critical value defining significance. ^aMann–Whitney U-test was used for statistical analysis. ^bChi square test was used for statistical analysis.

Table 2 Demographic Characteristics of Children with SeLECTS

Characteristics	Valuea
	Total Samples (n = 107)	CSHQ ≤ 41 (n = 43)	CSHQ>41 (n = 64)	P
Age at seizure onset, years (mean, SD)	7.36 (1.56)	8.28 (1.45)	6.66 (1.32)	<0.001
Duration of epilepsy, month (mean, SD)	20.22 (19.99)	14.37 (13.84)	24.16 (22.49)	0.022
Seizure type(n, %)				0.003
Generalized seizures	61 (57.01)	17 (39.53)	44 (68.75)
Partial seizures	46 (42.99)	26 (60.47)	20 (31.25)
Seizure frequency(n, %)	41 (38.32)	24 (55.81)	17 (26.56)	0.006
<1 time in a 6-month period
1~3 times in a 6-month period	42 (39.25)	14 (32.56)	28 (43.75)
≥4 times in a 6-month period	24 (22.43)	5 (11.63)	19 (29.69)
Seizure phase(n, %)				0.001
During sleep	88 (82.24)	29 (67.44)	59 (92.19)
During wakefulness	19 (17.76)	14 (32.56)	5 (7.81)
Current AED(n, %)				0.434
Non-antiepileptic Drug group	55 (51.40)	20 (46.51)	35 (54.69)
Oxcarbazepine	30 (28.04)	15 (34.88)	15 (23.44)
Levetiracetam	22 (20.56)	8 (18.60)	14 (21.88)
Seizure duration (min)	2.75 (3.34)	3.36 (4.60)	2.34 (2.06)	0.157
Family history(n)
Febrile convulsion	4	2	2
Siblings have SeLECTS	3	1	2

Notes: P < 0.05 is marked in bold and is the critical value defining significance. The Mann–Whitney U-test were used for continuous variables. Chi-square tests for categorical data.

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic Analyses of Factors Associated with Sleep Disorders in Children with SeLECTS

Factors		B value	S.E.	Wald	df	P	OR	95% CI
								Lower	Upper
Seizure type	Partial seizures
	Generalized seizures	1.496	0.537	7.774	1	0.005	4.464	1.559	12.777
Seizure phase	During sleep
	During wakefulness	−1.621	0.723	5.025	1	0.025	0.198	0.048	0.816
Seizure frequency	<1 time in a 6-month period			5.677	2	0.059
	1~3 times in a 6-month period	1.742	0.751	5.373	1	0.020	5.708	1.309	24.897
	≥4 times in a 6-month period	0.872	0.725	1.448	1	0.229	2.392	0.578	9.904
Age at seizure onset		−0.750	0.194	14.922	1	<0.001	0.472	0.323	0.691
Duration of epilepsy		−0.191	0.133	2.058	1	0.151	0.826	0.636	1.073

Notes: Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted for the five factors that were significantly associated with sleep disorder incidence in children with SeLECTS. P < 0.05 is marked in bold and is the critical value defining significance.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; df, degree of freedom.

Table 4 Comparisons of Sleep Quality and ANT Parameters in SeLECTS Patients

	project	Without Sleep Disorders	With Sleep Disorders	t/Z value	P value
The average correct rate (100%)	SeLECTS Children	97.98±1.57	96.44±2.08	4.116	<0.001^a
	Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	98.15±1.44	96.75±2.04	2.688	0.010^a
Total average reaction time (ms)	SeLECTS Children	925.19±116.90	1030.41±129.45	4.283	<0.001^a
	Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	926.18±112.77	1027.40±152.59	2.586	0.012^a
Executive control network efficiency (ms)	SeLECTS Children	55.98 (32.00, 77.00)	75.52 (61.10, 88.85)	3.273	<0.001^b
	Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	46.86 (18.03, 67.25)	79.00 (65.00, 100.00)	4.113	<0.001^b
Alerting network efficiency (ms)	SeLECTS Children	33.00 (9.00, 75.22)	75.72 (42.50, 88.23)	2.796	0.005^b
	Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	33.49 (3.24, 78.26)	75.23 (43.00, 89.00)	2.380	0.017^b
Orientation control network efficiency (ms)	SeLECTS Children	35.00 (7.50, 76.00)	40.55 (3.75, 73.00)	0.124	0.901^b
	Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	43.00 (4.00, 73.50)	48.00 (6.00, 80.00)	0.324	0.746^b

Notes: ^aNormal distribution data: represented by, independent sample t test was used for comparison between groups. ^bSkewed distribution data: represented by M (Q25, Q75), the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test was used for comparison between groups. P < 0.05 is marked in bold and is the critical value defining significance.

Table 5 Correlations Between Total CSHQ Scores and ANT Parameters in Children with SeLECTS

Value		Alerting Network Efficiency	Orientation Control Network Efficiency	Executive Control Network Efficiency	Total Average Reaction Time	The Average Correct rate
SeLECTS Children	Correlation coefficent (ρ)	−0.344	−0.146	−0.418	0.367	−0.253
	P	<0.001	0.133	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Children with unmedicated SeLECTS	Correlation coefficent (ρ)	−0.329	−0.175	−0.682	0.489	−0.305
	P	0.014	0.202	<0.001	<0.001	0.023

Notes: Spearman correlation analyses was employed for multivariate assessments. P < 0.05 is marked in bold and is the critical value defining significance.

Data Sharing Statement

The data sets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.