Latent Profiles and Transitions of Bedtime Procrastination Among Chinese College Students: The Predictive Roles of Anxiety, Depression, Problematic Smartphone Use and Self-Control

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Sample

Characteristics	Total (N = 1,423)
	T0	T1
Gender (n, %)
Female	1147 (80.6)
Male	276 (19.4)
Family Origin (n, %)
City	572 (40.2)
Rural	851 (59.8)
One-child family (n, %)
Yes	531 (37.3)
No	892 (62.7)
Sleep information (mean, SD)
Time to bed	22:45 (0.9)	22:56 (1.0)
Time to fall asleep	23:40 (0.9)	23:53 (1.1)
Wake-up time	7:36 (0.8)	8:02 (1.2)
Average time spent using a smartphone before bedtime (mean, SD)	3.8 (1.0)	3.9 (0.9)
SPS	25.9 (5.7)	26.5 (5.6)
MAPI	53.5 (10.8)
DASS-21	34.1 (12.4)
Depression	10.8 (4.3)
Anxiety	11.5 (4.1)
Stress	11.8 (4.4)
B-SCS	20.7 (3.4)

Abbreviations: SPS, Sleep Procrastination Scale; MPAI, Mobile Phone Addiction Index; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21; B-SCS, Brief Self-Control Scale.

Table 2 Fit Indices of the for the LPA Models (T0 to T1), for Increasing Number of Classes (1 to 5)

No. of classes	AIC	BIC	BLRT	VLMR	Entropy	N per class
T0
1	29,816.487	29,900.655	—	—	—	—
2	25,519.823	25,651.336	p<0.001	p<0.001	0.924	851/572
3	24,140.271	24,319.129	p<0.001	p<0.001	0.902	219/755/449
4	23,008.794	23,234.997	p<0.001	p=0.045	0.927	166/479/687/91
5	22,501.850	22,775.397	p<0.001	p=0.006	0.922	27/236/461/611/88
T1
1	28,612.858	28,697.026	—	—	—	—
2	23,810.942	23,942.456	p<0.001	p<0.001	0.940	835/588
3	21,996.541	22,175.399	p<0.001	p<0.001	0.945	122/779//522
4	20,570.140	20,796.342	p<0.001	p<0.001	0.961	115/724/501/83
5	20,104.009	20,377.556	p<0.001	p=0.113	0.941	85/150/616/492/80

Note: Bold indicates the selected category.

Abbreviations: AIC: Akaike information criterion, BIC: Bayesian information criterion BLRT: Bootstrap likelihood ratio test, VLMR: Vuong-Lo-Mendell-Rubin test.

Figure 1 Latent profile indicator conditional means for the three‐profile solution at T0.A line chart that shows the mean scores on 8 items of bedtime procrastination for three subgroups identified by the Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) method at baseline (T0). The third subgroup has the highest mean score and is named the High Bedtime Procrastination group, the second subgroup has the next highest score and is named the Moderate Bedtime Procrastination group, and the first subgroup has the lowest mean score, named the Low Bedtime Procrastination group.

Figure 2 Latent profile indicator conditional means for the three‐profile solution at T1. A line chart that shows the mean scores on 8 items of bedtime procrastination for three subgroups identified by the Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) method at T1. The third subgroup has the highest mean score and is named the High Bedtime Procrastination group, the second subgroup has the next highest score and is named the Moderate Bedtime Procrastination group, and the first subgroup has the lowest mean score, named the Low Bedtime Procrastination group.

Table 3 Latent Transition Probabilities Examining Continuity and Change from T0 to T1

T0	T1
	C1	C2	C3
C1	0.392	0.520	0.088
C2	0.068	0.660	0.271
C3	0.037	0.339	0.624

Note: Transition probabilities in bold font correspond to membership in the same latent status at both times.

Abbreviations: C1, mild bedtime procrastination; C2, moderate bedtime procrastination; C3, severe bedtime procrastination.

Table 4 Results of Multinomial Logistic Regressions on Transition Probabilities

Variables	Latent statuses at T0	Latent statuses at T1 OR [95% CI]
		C1	C2	C3
PSU	C1	Ref.	1.08 [1.05–1.12]	1.22 [1.14–1.30]
	C2	0.88 [0.85–0.92]	Ref.	1.15 [1.12–1.19]
	C3	0.82 [0.77–0.86]	0.89 [0.86–0.91]	Ref.
Depression	C1	Ref.	1.17 [1.06–1.29]	1.33 [1.17–1.50]
	C2	0.74 [0.63–0.86]	Ref.	1.10 [1.06–1.14]
	C3	0.83 [0.71–0.98]	0.93 [0.89–0.98]	Ref.
Anxiety	C1	Ref.	1.16 [1.05–1.28]	1.35 [1.20–1.53]
	C2	0.79 [0.70–0.90]	Ref.	1.10 [1.06–1.14]
	C3	0.84 [0.73–0.98]	0.92 [0.88–0.97]	Ref.
Stress	C1	Ref.	1.07 [0.96–1.19]	1.07 [0.89–1.29]
	C2	0.93 [0.85–1.02]	Ref.	1.04 [0.99–1.09]
	C3	0.90 [0.64–1.27]	1.07 [0.95–1.20]	Ref.
Self-control	C1	Ref.	0.78 [0.71–0.86]	0.75 [0.63–0.90]
	C2	1.1 [0.99–1.23]	Ref.	0.79 [0.74–0.85]
	C3	1.55 [1.32–1.83]	1.24 [1.16–1.34]	Ref.

Abbreviations: PSU, Problematic smartphone use; C1, mild bedtime procrastination; C2, moderate bedtime procrastination; C3, severe bedtime procrastination; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; Ref, reference category.