Resiliency as a mediator of the impact of sleep on child and adolescent behavior

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and performance measures

	Mean (SD)	Minimum	Maximum
Age (years)	11.25 (2.55)	7.0	18.0
School grade	5.75 (2.50)	2nd	12th
SES	1,008.45 (59.49)	902.0	1,111.0
Anxiety	40.59 (7.98)	31.0	65.0
Depression	41.80 (8.28)	34.0	73.0
Externalizing behavior	45.26 (9.08)	33.0	64.0
Internalizing behavior	47.69 (9.54)	33.0	67.0
SDSC total	48.80 (9.68)	28.0	82.0
Sense of mastery	58.38 (11.6)	23.0	74.0
Sense of relatedness	57.52 (9.77)	27.0	68.0
Emotional reactivity	41.43 (9.67)	29.0	70.0
Resource index	58.75 (11.39)	22.0	73.0
Vulnerability index	39.87 (11.08)	25.0	69.0

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; SDSC, sleep disorders scale for children; SES, socioeconomic status.

Table 2 Inter-correlations between behavior, sleep, and resiliency variables

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
1. Anxiety	–
2. Depression	0.81a	–
3. Externalizing behavior	0.45a	0.43b	–
4. Internalizing behavior	0.33b	0.45a	0.60a	–
5. SDSC total	0.62a	0.57a	0.46a	0.53a	–
6. Resource index	−0.68a	−0.72a	−0.49a	−0.57a	−0.56a	–
7. Vulnerability index	0.76a	0.78a	0.54a	0.51a	0.60a	−0.92a	–

Notes:

a P<0.001

b P<0.005.

Abbreviation: SDSC, sleep disorders scale for children.

Figure 1 The effects of sleep disturbance, and mediation by reported resiliency on: (A) total internalizing problems; (B) externalizing problems; (C) anxiety symptoms; and (D) depression symptoms.

Notes: For each panel, the upper box is the association between degree of overall sleep disturbance and the behavioral variable, while the lower panel is the association after resiliency scores were entered into the model as a mediating variable. All numbers represent unstandardized coefficients. Solid lines indicate significant and dashed lines non-significant relationships. *P<0.05, ***P<0.005, and ****P<0.001.
Abbreviation: RI, resource index.

Figure 2 The effects of sleep disturbance, and mediation by reported resiliency on: (A) total internalizing problems; (B) externalizing problems; (C) anxiety symptoms; and (D) depression symptoms.

Notes: For each panel, the upper box is the association between degree of overall sleep disturbance and the behavioral variable, while the lower panel is the association after resiliency scores were entered into the model as a mediating variable. All numbers represent unstandardized coefficients. Solid lines indicate significant and dashed lines non-significant relationships. *P<0.05, ***P<0.005, and ****P<0.001.
Abbreviation: VI, vulnerability index.