Sleep characteristics of individuals with chronic stroke: a pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of the participants

Group	Sex	Age (years)	MMSE	PSQI	GDS	AVG sleep	UEFM	OPS
Stroke	11 females 5 males	57 (10.34)	29.43 (0.73)	4.5 (3.85)	5.36 (4.70)	6.56 (2.52)	56.88 (14.23)	1.85 (0.41)
Control	6 females 4 males	60.8 (11.68)	30 (0)	4 (2.31)	3.2 (4.23)	7.467 (0.657)	N/A	N/A
P-value		0.504	0.924	0.455	0.840	0.062

Note: Data are reported as mean (standard deviation).

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini–Mental State Exam; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; AVG sleep, average hours of sleep over 1 week; UEFM, upper extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke; OPS, Orpington Prognostic Score.

Table 2 Descriptive mean statistics of sleep parameters in the stroke and control participants

Variable	Stroke	Control	Shapiro–Wilk test (P-values)	Cohen’s d	t-test unless noted as U test (P-values)
TRT (min)	469.06 (24.71)	465.50 (22.97)	0.930 (0.242)	0.149	0.367 (0.901)
TST (min)	414.75 (33.69)	388.30 (57.55)	0.967 (0.790)	0.560	1.485 (0.058)
Stage N1 (min)	33.56 (12.57)	41.20 (15.52)	0.834 (0.008)	−0.540	U=55.5 (0.201)
Stage N2 (min)	256.44 (38.92)	215.40 (57.98)	0.923 (0.190)	0.831	2.167 (0.270)
Stage N3 (min)	43.06 (26.84)	46.80 (33.87)	0.949 (0.476)	−0.122	−0.312 (0.216)
Stage R (min)	81.69 (27.04)	88.9 (30.16)	0.837 (0.009)	−0.252	U=71.5 (0.660)
Stage N1 (%)	8.32 (3.09)	9.5 (4.37)	0.857 (0.018)	−0.312	U=61 (0.336)
Stage N2 (%)	61.74 (8.27)	54.8 (8.62)	0.958 (0.622)	0.823	2.05 (0.805)
Stage N3 (%)	9.86 (5.94)	12.6 (10.41)	0.933 (0.271)	−0.323	−0.860 (0.048)
Stage R (%)	19.3 (6.15)	20.3 (9.08)	0.799 (0.003)	−0.129	U=76 (0.856)
Sleep efficiency (%)	88.64 (6.79)	83.5 (11.46)	0.856 (0.017)	0.546	U=49.5 (0.109)

Notes: Data are reported as mean (standard deviation), Shapiro–Wilk test statistic (P-values), values of Cohen’s d, and t-test statistic or Mann–Whitney U test (P-values).

Abbreviations: TRT, total recording time; TST, total sleep time; min, minutes.

Table 3 Descriptive statistics of the right- (n=9) and left- (n=7) side stroke participants

Group	Age (years)	PSQI	GDS	AVG sleep	UEFM	OPS
Right	53.8 (10.76)	5.11 (5.01)	4.67 (5.7)	7.81 (1.06)	56.3 (15.39)	1.9 (0.52)
Left	61.1 (8.8)	3.71 (1.49)	3.86 (3.63)	7.33 (0.69)	57.6 (15.76)	1.71 (0.19)
P-values	0.507	0.103	0.674	0.661	0.892	0.038

Note: Data are reported as mean (standard deviation).

Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; AVG sleep, average hours of sleep over 1 week; UEFM, Upper Extremity portion of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke; OPS, Orpington Prognostic Score.