Bird’s-Eye View of COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Among Emergency Physicians in the Kingdom of Bahrain: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Participants

Variables	Number of Participants (%)
Age
25–34	49 (34.5)
35–44	55 (38.7)
45–54	30 (21.3)
55–64	04 (2.8)
≥65	04 (2.8)
Gender
Female	48 (33.8)
Male	94 (66.2)
Marital status
Married	105 (73.9)
Divorced	05 (3.5)
Single	30 (21.1)
Widowed	2 (1.4)
Position
CEM	21 (14.7)
CR	16 (11.2)
RTP	20 (14.0)
SEM	36 (25.3)
SR	44 (30.9)
Others	5 (3.5)
Experience in Emergency Medicine
BCEM	49 (34.5)
FEM	20 (14.0)
MBBS or MD	106 (74.6)
Master’s degree	27 (19.0)
Others	9 (6.3)
<5 years	43 (30.3)
>5 years	99 (69.7)
CPD activity about COVID-19
Yes	85 (59.9)
No	7 (4.9)
Source of knowledge about COVID-19
Organization circulars/Guidelines	129 (90.8)
Journals	91 (64.0)
Online websites	122 (85.9)
Social media	99 (69.7)
Others	8 (5.6)

Abbreviations: CEM, consultant in emergency medicine; CPD, continuing professional development; CR, Chief Resident; RTP, Residency Training Program; SEM, Specialist in Emergency Medicine; SR, service resident.

Table 2 Distribution of Participants in Terms of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Statements About Covid-19

Variables	Knowledge Scores		Attitude Scores		Practice Scores
	Mean ± SD	p-value	Mean ± SD	p-value	Mean ± SD	p-value
Age
25–34	13.3±2.42	0.27	3.35±0.45	0.094	11.7±2.3	0.021*
35–44	14.3±2.24		3.48±0.35		12.8±1.92
45–54	14.1±2.02		3.23±0.37		12.9±1.48
55–64	13.8±0.95		3.45±0.1		13.2±1.5
≥65	13.2±0.5		3.28±1.03		11.8±0.95
Gender
Female	14.0±2.2	0.642	3.33±0.39	0.308	12.6±1.76	0.984
Male	13.8±2.25		3.4±0.44		12.4±2.14
Marital Status
Divorced	11.6±3.51	0.016*	3.28±0.24	0.0087*	13±1.87	0.013*
Married	14.2±1.97		3.4±0.4		12.7±1.64
Single	13.2±2.59		3.37±0.44		11.5±2.84
Widowed	13±0		2.4±0		11±0
Have Children
No	13.8±2.13	0.603	3.33±0.43	0.458	12.4±1.3	0.073
Yes	13.9±2.27		3.39±0.41		12.5±2.22
Nationality
Bahraini	13.6±2.48	0.16	3.35±0.43	0.372	12.2±2.22	0.143
Non-Bahraini	14.3±1.65		3.42±0.41		12.8±1.56
Organization
BDF	13.8±3.11	0.026*	3.31±0.4	0.007*	12.7±2.93	0.157
KHUH	14.8±1.64		3.53±0.36		13±1.2
Others**	13.8±1.5		2.82±0.49		11.8±2.22
SMC	13.5±1.72		3.38±0.42		12.1±1.55
Position
CEM	14.6±1.94	0.367	3.39±0.48	0.259	13.4±1.12	0.045*
CR	13.1±2.79		3.13±0.47		11.4±3.63
Others	14.6±2.07		3.46±0.56		12.4±1.14
RTP	13.8±1.67		3.36±0.48		12.4±1.84
SEM	13.9±2.37		3.42±0.37		12.4±1.87
SR	13.7±2.22		3.42±0.35		12.5±1.65
Emergency Medicine Experience
<5 years	13.6±2.45	0.422	3.36±0.48	0.964	11.7±2.61	0.014*
>5 years	14±2.12		3.38±0.39		12.8±1.6
CPD
Yes	14.6±1.74	0.001*	3.39±0.4	0.367	13.1±1.61	0.000024*
No	12.8±2.54		3.4±0.46		11.5±2.34
Not Sure	12.7±1.89		3.16±0.43		11.9±0.9

Notes: *p<0.05 considered statistically significant; **others represent registrar and senior resident.

Abbreviations: BDF, Bahrain Defense Force; CEM, Consultant in Emergency Medicine; CPD, continuing professional development; CR, Chief Resident; KHUH, King Hamad University Hospital; RTP, Residency Training Program; SEM, Specialist in Emergency Medicine; SMC, Salmaniya Medical Complex; SR, Service Resident.

Table 3 Results of Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors Significantly Associated with Higher Knowledge Score of Covid-19 by Demographic Variables

Variables	Coefficient	Standard Error	p-value
Age (35–44 vs 25–34)	1.86313	0.890	0.038*
Gender (Male vs female)	−1.53467	0.71261	0.033*
Marital status (Married vs divorced)	3.82074	1.63542	0.021*
Having children (Yes vs No)	−2.66486	0.98937	0.008*
Organization (KHUH vs BDF)	1.94476	0.89910	0.032*
CPD activity (Yes vs No/Not sure)	2.43945	0.62318	0.0001*

Note: *p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BDF, Bahrain Defense Force; CPD, continuing professional development; KHUH, King Hamad University Hospital.

Table 4 Attitude Towards Covid-19 by Demographic Variables

	Disagree (%)	Neither Agree nor Disagree (%)	Agree (%)	Strongly Agree (%)	Total (%)	p-value
Age
25–34	10 (7.04)	14 (9.86)	23 (16.2)	2 (1.41)	49 (34.51)	0.078
35–44	6 (4.23)	13 (9.15)	28 (19.72)	8 (5.63)	55 (38.73)
45–54	2 (1.41)	10 (7.04)	18 (12.68)	0 (0)	30 (21.13)
55–64	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	3 (2.11)	0 (0)	4 (2.82)
≥65	2 (1.41)	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	1 (0.7)	4 (2.82)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Gender
Female	9 (6.34)	15 (10.56)	22 (15.49)	2 (1.41)	48 (33.8)	0.367
Male	12 (8.45)	22 (15.49)	51 (35.92)	9 (6.34)	94 (66.2)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Marital Status
Divorced	1 (0.7)	3 (2.11)	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	5 (3.52)	0.021*
Married	11 (7.75)	27 (19.01)	57 (40.14)	10 (7.04)	105 (73.94)
Single	7 (4.93)	7 (4.93)	15 (10.56)	1 (0.7)	30 (21.13)
Widowed	2 (1.41)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (1.41)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Have Children
No	4 (2.82)	11 (7.75)	21 (14.79)	1 (0.7)	37 (26.06)	0.437
Yes	17 (11.97)	26 (18.31)	52 (36.62)	10 (7.04)	105 (73.94)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Nationality
Bahraini	14 (9.86)	27 (19.01)	41 (28.87)	6 (4.23)	88 (61.97)	0.334
Non-Bahraini	7 (4.93)	10 (7.04)	32 (22.54)	5 (3.52)	54 (38.03)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Organization
BDF	8 (5.63)	11 (7.75)	20 (14.08)	1 (0.7)	40 (28.17)	0.0208*
KHUH	2 (1.41)	3 (2.11)	21 (14.79)	6 (4.23)	32 (22.54)
SMC	9 (6.34)	22 (15.49)	31 (21.83)	4 (2.82)	66 (46.48)
Others	2 (1.41)	1 (0.7)	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	4 (2.82)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Position
CEM	0 (0)	5 (3.52)	15 (10.56)	1 (0.7)	21 (14.79)	0.012*
CR	7 (4.93)	3 (2.11)	6 (4.23)	0 (0)	16 (11.27)
RTP	3 (2.11)	7 (4.93)	10 (7.04)	0 (0)	20 (14.08)
SEM	7 (4.93)	8 (5.63)	14 (9.86)	7 (4.93)	36 (25.35)
SR	4 (2.82)	13 (9.15)	24 (16.9)	3 (2.11)	44 (30.99)
Others	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	4 (2.82)	0 (0)	5 (3.52)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Emergency Medicine Experience
<5 years	7 (4.93)	11 (7.75)	21 (14.79)	4 (2.82)	43 (30.28)	0.946
>5 years	14 (9.86)	26 (18.31)	52 (36.62)	7 (4.93)	99 (69.72)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)
Attended CPD activity
Yes	13 (9.15)	15 (10.56)	51 (35.92)	6 (4.23)	85 (59.86)	0.064
No	8 (5.63)	18 (12.68)	19 (13.38)	5 (3.52)	50 (35.21)
Not Sure	0 (0)	4 (2.82)	3 (2.11)	0 (0)	7 (4.93)
Total	21 (14.79)	37 (26.06)	73 (51.41)	11 (7.75)	142 (100)

Note: *p<0.05 considered statistically significant.

Abbreviations: BDF, Bahrain Defense Force; CPD, continuing professional development; KHUH, King Hamad University Hospital; SMC, Salmaniya Medical Complex.