Survival Rates and Factors Related to the Survival of Traffic Accident Patients Transported by Emergency Medical Services

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the Traffic Accident Patients in Our Cohort (N = 340)

Variables	Alive (n = 314)		Dead (n = 26)		p-value
Gender
Male	223	(71.0)	19	(73.1)	0.824
Female	91	(29.0)	7	(26.9)
Age (years), mean ± SD	37.33 ± 16.99		33.85 ± 17.00		0.316
Prehospital systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
≤90	19	(6.1)	13	(50.0)	<0.001
>90	295	(93.9)	13	(50.0)
Prehospital heart rate (bpm)
≤100	213	(67.8)	14	(53.8)	0.146
>100	101	(32.2)	12	(46.2)
Prehospital oxygen saturation on room air
≤94%	52	(16.6)	15	(57.7)	<0.001
>94%	262	(83.4)	11	(42.3)
Prehospital level of consciousness
Responsive	293	(93.3)	9	(34.6)	<0.001
Unresponsive	21	(6.7)	17	(65.4)
Wounds	285	(90.8)	23	(88.5)	0.724
Cut/laceration	164	(52.2)	13	(50.0)	0.827
Abrasion	142	(45.2)	16	(61.5)	0.109
Contusion	126	(40.1)	11	(42.3)	0.828
Amputation	1	(0.3)	0	(0.0)	1.000
Orthopedic injuries	173	(55.1)	14	(53.8)	0.902
Close fracture	120	(38.2)	11	(42.3)	0.680
Open fracture	55	(17.5)	5	(19.2)	0.791
Dislocation	13	(4.1)	0	(0.0)	0.610
Hemorrhage	121	(38.5)	12	(46.2)	0.444
Externally stopped	91	(29.0)	9	(34.6)	0.545
Externally active	23	(7.3)	1	(3.8)	1.000
Internal hemorrhage	12	(3.8)	2	(7.7)	0.291
Body part injured
Extremity	209	(66.6)	17	(65.4)	0.903
Head/neck	170	(54.1)	16	(61.5)	0.466
Face	92	(29.3)	15	(57.7)	0.003
Chest/clavicle	37	(11.8)	6	(23.1)	0.119
External body surface	27	(8.6)	2	(7.7)	1.000
Pelvis	27	(8.6)	2	(7.7)	1.000
Multiple injuries	24	(7.6)	3	(11.5)	0.448
Abdomen	22	(7.0)	2	(7.7)	0.704
Spine	18	(5.7)	2	(7.7)	0.658

Notes: Data are presented as number (%), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). P-values correspond to the independent sample t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher exact test.

Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; NA, data not applicable; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Characteristics of the EMS Unit and Treatment in Our Cohort (N = 340)

Variables	Alive (n = 314)		Dead (n = 26)		p-value
RC 25 red
1	17	(5.4)	11	(42.3)	<0.001
2	31	(9.9)	2	(7.7)
3	111	(35.4)	7	(26.9)
4	154	(49.0)	6	(23.1)
5	1	(0.3)	0	(0.0)
Response time (min)	6	(4–10)	6.5	(5–8)	0.927
≤8	213	(67.8)	20	(76.9)	0.338
>8	101	(32.2)	6	(23.1)
On-scene time (min)	7	(4–9)	8.5	(6–13)	0.012
≤10	259	(82.5)	16	(61.5)	0.017
>10	55	(17.5)	10	(38.5)
Distance from base station to scene (km)	2	(1–4)	3	(1–4)	0.481
Distance from scene to hospital (km)	2	(1–3)	3	(1–4)	0.270
Prehospital hemorrhage control	132	(42.0)	10	(38.5)	0.722
Pressure dressing	111	(35.4)	10	(38.5)	0.750
Dressing	32	(10.2)	0	(0.0)	0.152
Prehospital airway management	95	(30.3)	21	(80.8)	<0.001
Mask with bag	74	(23.6)	3	(11.5)	0.159
Bag valve mask	20	(6.4)	16	(61.5)	<0.001
Endotracheal tube	2	(0.6)	4	(15.4)	<0.001
Prehospital fluid management	99	(31.5)	17	(65.4)	<0.001
Ringer’s lactate solution	65	(20.7)	14	(53.8)	<0.001
Normal saline solution	30	(9.6)	5	(19.2)	0.167
Heparin lock	1	(0.3)	0	(0.0)	1.000
Prehospital immobilization	220	(70.1)	19	(73.1)	0.747
Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation	3	(1.0)	11	(42.3)	<0.001

Notes: Data are presented as number (%), mean ± SD or median (interquartile range). P-values correspond to the independent sample t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher exact test.

Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; NA, data not applicable; SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 Univariable Analysis for Factors Associated with the Survival Rate of Traffic Accident Patients Transported by EMS

Factors	Alive (n = 314)		Dead (n = 26)		OR	95% CI	p-value
Gender
Male	223	(71.0)	19	(73.1)	1.00	Reference
Female	91	(29.0)	7	(26.9)	1.11	(0.45–2.73)	0.824
Age (years), mean ± (SD)	37.33 ± 16.99		33.85 ± 17.00		1.01	(0.99–1.04)	0.317
Prehospital systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
≤90	19	(6.1)	13	(50.0)	1.00	Reference
>90	295	(93.9)	13	(50.0)	15.53	(6.33–38.11)	<0.001
Prehospital heart rate (bpm)
≤100	213	(67.8)	14	(53.8)	1.00	Reference
>100	101	(32.2)	12	(46.2)	0.55	(0.25–1.24)	0.150
Prehospital oxygen saturation on room air
≤94%	52	(16.6)	15	(57.7)	1.00	Reference
>94%	262	(83.4)	11	(42.3)	6.87	(2.99–15.8)	<0.001
Level of consciousness
Responsive	293	(93.3)	9	(34.6)	1.00	Reference
Unresponsive	21	(6.7)	17	(65.4)	0.04	(0.02–0.10)	<0.001
Wounds
No	29	(9.2)	3	(11.5)	1.00	Reference
Yes	285	(90.8)	23	(88.5)	1.28	(0.36–4.53)	0.700
Orthopedic injuries
No	141	(44.9)	12	(46.2)	1.00	Reference
Yes	173	(55.1)	14	(53.8)	1.05	(0.47–2.35)	0.902
Hemorrhage
No	193	(61.5)	14	(53.8)	1.00	Reference
Yes	121	(38.5)	12	(46.2)	0.73	(0.33–1.63)	0.446
Body part injured
Extremity	209	(66.6)	17	(65.4)	1.05	(0.45–2.44)	0.903
Head/neck	170	(54.1)	16	(61.5)	0.74	(0.33–1.68)	0.468
Face	92	(29.3)	15	(57.7)	0.30	(0.14–0.69)	0.004
Chest/clavicle	37	(11.8)	6	(23.1)	0.45	(0.17–1.18)	0.104
External body surface	27	(8.6)	2	(7.7)	1.13	(0.25–5.04)	0.874
Pelvis	27	(8.6)	2	(7.7)	1.13	(0.25–5.04)	0.874
Multiple injuries	24	(7.6)	3	(11.5)	0.63	(0.18–2.27)	0.484
Abdomen	22	(7.0)	2	(7.7)	0.90	(0.2–4.08)	0.896
Spine	18	(5.7)	2	(7.7)	0.73	(0.16–3.33)	0.684

Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, data not applicable.

Table 4 Univariable Analysis for the EMS Unit and Treatment Factors Associated with the Survival Rate of Traffic Accident Patients Transported by EMS

Factors	Alive (n = 314)		Dead (n = 26)		OR	95% CI	p-value
RC 25 red
1–2	48	(15.3)	13	(50.0)	1.00	Reference
3	111	(35.4)	7	(26.9)	4.30	(1.61–11.43)	0.004
4–5	155	(49.4)	6	(23.1)	7.00	(2.52–19.40)	<0.001
Response time (min)
≤8	213	(67.8)	20	(76.9)	0.63	(0.25–1.62)	0.341
>8	101	(32.2)	6	(23.1)	1.00	Reference
On-scene time (min)
≤10	259	(82.5)	16	(61.5)	2.94	(1.27–6.83)	0.012
>10	55	(17.5)	10	(38.5)	1.00	Reference
Distance from base station to scene (km)	2	(1–4)	3	(1–4)	0.93	(0.77–1.13)	0.472
Distance from scene to hospital (km)	2	(1–3)	3	(1–4)	0.92	(0.75–1.14)	0.459
Prehospital hemorrhage control
No	182	(58.0)	16	(61.5)	1.00	Reference
Yes	132	(42.0)	10	(38.5)	1.16	(0.51–2.64)	0.723
Prehospital airway management
No	219	(69.7)	5	(19.2)	1.00	Reference
Yes	95	(30.3)	21	(80.8)	0.10	(0.04–0.28)	<0.001
Prehospital fluid management
No	215	(68.5)	9	(34.6)	1.00	Reference
Yes	99	(31.5)	17	(65.4)	0.24	(0.11–0.57)	0.001
Prehospital immobilization
No	94	(29.9)	7	(26.9)	1.00	Reference
Yes	220	(70.1)	19	(73.1)	0.86	(0.35–2.12)	0.747
Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
No	311	(99.0)	15	(57.7)	1.00	Reference
Yes	3	(1.0)	11	(42.3)	0.01	(0.01–0.05)	<0.001

Abbreviations: bpm, beats per minute; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NA, data not applicable.

Table 5 Univariable Analysis and Multivariable Analysis of Factors Associated with the Survival Rate of Traffic Accident Patients Transported by the EMS

Factors	Univariable Analysis			Multivariable Analysis
	OR^a	95% CI	p-value	ORadj^b	95% CI	p-value
Prehospital systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
≤90	1.00	Reference
>90	15.53	(6.33–38.11)	<0.001
Prehospital oxygen saturation on room air
≤94%	1.00	Reference
>94%	6.87	(2.99–15.8)	<0.001
Prehospital level of consciousness
Responsive	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Unresponsive	0.04	(0.02–0.10)	<0.001	0.16	(0.05–0.56)	0.004
Body part injured
Face	0.30	(0.14–0.69)	0.004
RC 25 red
1–2	1.00	Reference
3	4.30	(1.61–11.43)	0.004
4–5	7.00	(2.52–19.40)	<0.001
On-scene time (min)
≤10	2.94	(1.27–6.83)	0.012
>10	1.00	Reference
Prehospital airway management
No	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Yes	0.10	(0.04–0.28)	<0.001	0.30	(0.09–0.97)	0.045
Prehospital fluid management
No	1.00	Reference
Yes	0.24	(0.11–0.57)	0.001
Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation
No	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Yes	0.01	(0.01–0.05)	<0.001	0.10	(0.02–0.47)	0.004

Notes: ^aCrude OR estimated by binary logistic regression. ^bOR_adj estimated by multiple logistic regression.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; OR_adj, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.