Variance Analysis of Expatriate Pre-Hospital Provider Training in Bahrain

Figures & data

Table 1 Saudi Core Competencies for EMS Practice*

PROFESSIONALISM	1. Be able to practice within the legal and ethical boundaries of the profession
	2. Be able to maintain appropriate and effective safety procedures
	3. Be able to maintain the appropriate personal characteristics of being trustworthy and accountable
	4. Be able to provide care according to evidence based practice.
	5. Be able to work as an autonomous professional with high levels of personal professional judgment.
	6. Be able to work in different transportation modes.
	7. Be committed to a process of continuous lifelong learning and professional development.
	8. Be able to maintain good coping skills and deal with stressful situations.
	9. Be flexible in learning from different sources, including guidance from colleagues.
PREPAREDNESS	10. Be able to prepare for and manage disasters and terrorist incidents
	11. Be Able to effectively practice during Umrah and Hajj
	12. Be able to practice with appropriate Islamic values
	13. Be able to maintain involvement with public and community health
	14. Be able to demonstrate English proficiency to an adequate level for professional communication.
	15. Be able to demonstrate an understanding of new technologies for clinical practice.
COMMUNICATION	16. Be able to effectively communicate information verbally and non-verbally to patients, colleagues, and others.
	17. Be able to work as part of a team in a collaborative and professional approach.
	18. Be able to practice respectfully in a non-discriminatory manner.
	19. Be able to demonstrate leadership skills.
	20. Be information literate by having the capacity to search and apply information.
CLINICAL	21. Be able to provide appropriate and effective clinical care.
	22. Have the theoretical knowledge and key concepts in the EMS profession.
	23. Be able to conduct appropriate decision making and critical thinking.
	24. Be able to problem-solve by assessing professional issues and calling upon the required experience and knowledge to resolve them.
PERSONAL	25. Understand the need to maintain an appropriate level of physical and mental fitness
	26. Be able to manage personal emotions and those of patients and relatives.
	27. Be able to maintain appropriate level of training through different professional courses.

Notes: *These Saudi Arabian competencies are used as a stand in for Bahraini training. Adapted with permission from Alshammari, T. M. M. (2020). The Development of Empirically Based Core Competencies for Emergency Medical Services in Saudi Arabia.¹⁹

Table 2 Comparison Between Desired Core Competencies for EMS Practice in Saudi Arabia and Core Competencies from National Curricula of India and the Philippines

	Saudi Core Competencies for EMS Practice	Is it Covered in the Indian Core Competencies for Nursing Practice? If Yes, Where?	Is it Covered in the Philippines Core Competencies for Nursing Practice? If Yes, Where?
PROFESSIONALISM	1. Be able to practice within the legal and ethical boundaries of the profession	YES (2)*	YES Client Care (1.1)*
	2. Be able to maintain appropriate and effective safety procedures	YES (1)(8)*	YES Client Care (2.4)* Management & Leadership (2.1, 4.6)
	3. Be able to maintain the appropriate personal characteristics of being trustworthy and accountable	YES (2)*	YES Client Care (5.4)*
	4. Be able to provide care according to evidence based practice.	YES (10)*	YES Client Care (2.4)* Management & Leadership (4.6)
	5. Be able to work as an autonomous professional with high levels of personal professional judgment.	NO	NO
	6. Be able to work in different transportation modes.	NO	NO
	7. Be committed to a process of continuous lifelong learning and professional development.	NO	YES Client Care (5.1)*
	8. Be able to maintain good coping skills and deal with stressful situations.	NO	PARTIAL Client Care (2.4.9)* Management & Leadership (6.4)
	9. Be flexible in learning from different sources, including guidance from colleagues.	NO	NO
PREPAREDNESS	10. Be able to prepare for and manage disasters and terrorist incidents	NO	YES Client Care (2.4.11)*
	11. Be able to practice with appropriate Islamic values	YES (1)*	YES Client Care (2.4.1, 2.4.12)*
	12. Be able to maintain involvement with public and community health	YES (4)*	YES Management & Leadership (6.3)*
	13. Be able to demonstrate English proficiency to an adequate level for professional communication.	NO	NO
	14. Be able to demonstrate an understanding of new technologies for clinical practice.	YES (5)*	NO
COMMUNICATION	15. Be able to effectively communicate information verbally and non-verbally to patients, colleagues, and others.	YES (6)*	YES Client Care (2.1, 4.1, 4.2)*
	16. Be able to work as part of a team in a collaborative and professional approach.	YES (7)*	YES Client Care (4.1, 4.2)*
	17. Be able to practice respectfully in a non-discriminatory manner.	YES (6)*	YES Client Care (2.1)*
	18. Be able to demonstrate leadership skills.	YES (3)*	YES Management & Leadership (1, 3, 5)*
	19. Be information literate by having the capacity to search and apply information.	YES (5)(10)*	YES Client Care (3.1, 3.3) * Research (3. 1)
CLINICAL	20. Be able to provide appropriate and effective clinical care.	YES (1)(4)*	YES Client Care (2.3, 2.4.1, 2.4.2, 2.4.8)*
	21. Have the theoretical knowledge and key concepts in the EMS profession.	NO	NO
	22. Be able to conduct appropriate decision making and critical thinking.	NO	YES Client Care (1.2, 2.1, 4.2)*
	23. Be able to problem-solve by assessing professional issues and calling upon the required experience and knowledge to resolve them.	PARTIAL (10)*	YES Client Care (2.2.5, 2.4)*
PERSONAL	24. Understand the need to maintain an appropriate level of physical and mental fitness	NO	NO
	25. Be able to manage personal emotions and those of patients and relatives.	PARTIAL (1) address patient needs*	PARTIAL Client Care (2. 4. 9)*
	26. Be able to maintain appropriate level of training through different professional courses.	NO	YES Client Care (5.1)*

Notes: ^(-)*Referenced to sections/competencies in appendices 1 and 2. Adapted with permission from Alshammari, T. M. M. (2020). The Development of Empirically Based Core Competencies for Emergency Medical Services in Saudi Arabia.¹⁹

Alshammari TMM. The Development of Empirically Based Core Competencies for Emergency Medical Services in Saudi Arabia [Thesis, Monash University]; 2020. Available from: https://bridges.monash.edu/articles/thesis/The_Development_of_Empirically_Based_Core_Competencies_for_Emergency_Medical_Services_in_Saudi_Arabia/9282851. Accessed February 16, 2022.

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