The Burden and Contributing Factors of Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Among Acute Heart Failure Patients Admitted to Tertiary Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Among AHF and Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Patients Admitted to Tertiary Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

Variable	Category	AHF, n (%)	Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema, n (%)
			Yes, n (%)	No, n (%)
Sex	Female	129 (46.7)	54 (40.9)	75 (58.1)
	Male	147 (53.3)	78 (59.1)	69 (46.9)
Age (in years)	Median (IQR)	45 (35–60)	45 (35.5–57)	45 (35-60)
Residence	Rural	167 (60.5)	110 (83.3)	57 (39.6)
	Urban	109 (39.5)	22 (16.7)	87 (60.4)
Cigarette Smoking history	No	182 (65.9)	70 (53.0)	112 (77.8)
	Yes	94 (34.1)	62 (47.0)	32 (22.2)
Comorbidity	No	169 (61.2)	70 (53.0)	99 (68.8)
	Yes	107 (38.8)	62 (47.0)	45 (31.3)
History of taking medication	No	232 (84.1)	104 (78.8)	128 (88.9)
	Yes	44 (15.9)	28 (21.2)	16 (11.1)
Underlying cardiovascular disease	CRVHD	105 (38.0)	57 (43.2)	48 (33.3)
	IHD	34 (12.3)	17 (12.9)	17 (11.8)
	HHD	84 (30.4)	46 (34.8)	38 (26.4)
	VHD	15 (5.4)	5 (3.8)	10 (6.9)
	Cor pulmonale	38 (13.8)	7 (5.3)	31 (21.5)
Chief compliments	Chest Pain	33 (12.0)	19 (14.4)	14 (9.7)
	SOB	175 (63.4)	92 (69.7)	83 (57.6)
	Cough	24 (8.7)	2 (1.5)	22 (15.3)
	Body swelling	44 (15.9)	19 (14.4)	25 (17.4)
Orthopnea	No	20 (7.2)	8 (6.1)	12 (8.3)
	Yes	256 (92.8)	124 (93.9)	132 (91.7)
Postural nocturnal dyspnea	No	35 (12.7)	15 (11.4)	20 (13.9)
	Yes	241 (87.3)	117 (88.6)	124 (86.1)
SBP (mmHg)	Median (IQR)	112 (98–131)	107 (97–128)	113 (99-134)
Oxygen saturation (%)	Normal	47 (17.0)	19 (14.4)	28 (19.4)
	Hypoxia	229 (83.0)	113 (85.6)	116 (80.6)
Pulse rate	Normal	137 (49.6)	70 (53.0)	67 (46.5)
	Bradycardia	11 (4.0)	3 (2.3)	8 (5.6)
	Tachycardia	128 (46.4)	59 (44.7)	69 (47.9)
S3 gallop	No	94 (34.1)	47 (35.6)	47 (32.6)
	Yes	182 (65.9)	85 (64.4)	97 (67.4)
Murmur	No	114 (41.3)	59 (44.7)	55 (38.2)
	Yes	162 (58.7)	73 (55.3)	89 (61.8)
Peripheral edema	No	68 (24.6)	30 (22.7)	38 (26.4)
	Yes	208 (75.4)	102 (77.3)	106 (73.6)

Abbreviations: AHF, Acute heart failure; CRVHD, Chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease; IHD, Ischemic heart disease; HHD, Hypertensive heart disease; VHD, Valvular heart disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; SOB, Shortness of breath.

Table 2 Laboratory and Radiologic Characteristics Among AHF and Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Patients Admitted to Tertiary Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

Variable	Category	AHF, n (%)	Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema
			Yess, n (%)	No, (%)
Hemoglobin (mg/dl)	Normal	159 (57.6)	83 (62.88)	76 (52.8)
	Anemia	117 (42.4)	49 (37.12)	68 (47.2)
Serum Creatinine (mg/dl)	Median (IQR)	0.9 (0.68–1.23)	0.89 (0.67–1.13)	0.9 (0.7-1.38)
Serum Sodium (mmol/l)	Median (IQR)	136 (132–139)	136 (133–138)	136 (132-139)
Serum Potassium (mmol/l)	Median (IQR)	4.2 (3.7–4.8)	4.2 (3.7–4.8)	4.2 (3.75-4.79)
Ejection fraction	Reduced	63 (31.3)	29 (29.29)	34 (33.7)
	Preserved	138 (68.7)	70 (70.71)	68 (66.7)
Chest X-ray	Pulmonary edema	152 (66.9)	97 (82.9)	55 (31.8)
	Pleural effusion	167 (60.5)	91 (77.8)	76 (43.9)
	Cardiomegaly	96 (34.8)	54 (46.2)	42 (24.3)
POCUS	Multiple B-lines	234 (90.3)	122 (96.8)	112 (49.3)
	Pleural effusion	232 (84.1)	117 (92.8)	115 (50.7)

Abbreviations: AHF, Acute heart failure; POCUS, Point of care ultrasound; IQR, Interquartile range.

Figure 1 Types of precipitating factors among Acute Heart Failure and Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema patients admitted to Tertiary Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia.

Table 3 Factors Associated with Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema Among AHF Patients Admitted to Tertiary Hospital, Eastern Ethiopia

Variables		Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
		No n (%)	Yes n (%)
Sex	Female	75 (58.1)	54 (41.9)	1	1
	Male	69 (46.9)	78 (53.1%)	1.57 (0.975–2.53)	1.09 (0.58–2.07)
Residence	Rural	57 (34.1)	110 (65.9)	7.63 (4.33–13.45) **	9.25 (4.88–17.52) **
	Urban	87 (79.8)	22 (20.2)	1	1
Cigarette smoking	No	112 (61.5)	70 (38.5)	1	1
	Yes	32 (34.0)	62 (66.0)	3.1 (1.84–5.23) **	3.01 (1.52–5.98) *
Comorbidity	No	99 (58.6)	70 (41.4)	1	1
	Yes	45 (42.1)	62 (57.9)	1.95 (1.19–3.18) *	2.09 (1.12–3.88) *
Underlying cardiovascular disease	IHD	17 (50.0)	17 (50.0)	5.26 (2.13–13.01) **	6.21 (2.19–17.59) *
	CRVHD	48 (45.7)	57 (54.3)	4.43 (1.53–12.80) *	7.65 (2.14–27.38) *
	HHD	38 (45.2)	46 (54.8)	5.36 (2.12–13.53) **	10.92 (3.69–32.3) **
	VHD	10 (66.7)	5 (33.3)	2.21 (0.57–8.55)	2.59 (0.57–11.80)
	Cor pulmonale	31 (81.6)	7 (18.4)	1	1
SBP		118.33 ± 27.94	113.89 ± 23.05	0.99 (0.98–1.03)	0.98 (0.98–1.01)

Notes: **P <0.001, *P <0.05.

Abbreviations: AHF, Acute heart failure; CRVHD, Chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease; IHD, Ischemic heart disease; HHD, Hypertensive heart disease; VHD, Valvular heart disease; NYHA, New York Heart Association; POCUS, Point of care ultrasound; IQR, Interquartile range; COR, Crude odds ratio, AOR, Adjusted odds ratio, CI, Confidence interval.