Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the Eye of the Beholder and Emergency Medical Service

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive Statistics for Collapse Witnesses, Places of Collapse, Recognition of Cardiac Arrest and CPR Instructions via Emergency Call. All Values are Expressed as Counts with (Percentages)

		Total
Collapse witness	Layman	1563 (55.1%)
	Emergency team	413 (14.5%)
	No witness	766 (27.0%)
	Doctor/Nurse	97 (3.4%)
Place of collapse	Private residence	1850 (65.2%)
	Public place	668 (23.5%)
	Emergency vehicle	134 (4.7%)
	Care home	49 (1.7%)
	Primary healthcare	43 (1.5%)
	Health institution	83 (2.9%)
	Other	11 (0.4%)
Cardiac arrest recognition	Recognised	1114 (51.0%)
	Unrecognised	733 (33.6%)
	Unknown	336 (15.4%)
CPR instructions	Yes	866 (39.7%)
	No	745 (34.1%)
	Unknown	571 (26.2%)

Table 2 Bystander CPR, and Type of CPR – According to the Place of Collapse, Dispatcher Instructions for CPR (for Cases Where Cardiac Arrest Occurred Before the Initial Call to the Emergency Medical Service), ROSC Status and Outcome. All Values are Expressed as Counts

		BYSTANDER CPR			TYPE OF CPR
		YES	NO	Total	C/V-CPR^a	CO-CPR^b	Total
Place of collapse	Private residence	492	1137	1629	145	325	470
	Public place	274	359	633	122	145	267
	Care home	9	27	36	3	6	9
	Primary healthcare	30	7	37	2	1	3
	Health institution	68	13	81	2	1	3
	Other	1	9	10	1	0	1
DA-CPR^c	Yes	603	291	894	227	358	585
	No	51	678	729	10	35	45
ROSC achieved	Yes	303	375	678	115	150	265
	No	571	1177	1748	160	328	488
ROSC at the hospital admission	Yes	264	308	572	105	130	235
	No	610	1244	1854	170	348	518
Outcome (death or hospital admission)	Death at the place of collapse	550	1128	1678	148	318	466
	Death in the emergency vehicle	2	17	19	0	2	2
	Hospital admission	322	407	729	127	158	285

Notes: ^aC/V-CPR – compressions with ventilation CPR, ^bCO-CPR compression-only CPR, ^cDA-CPR – dispatcher assisted CPR. Chi-squared test: BYSTANDER CPR: place of collapse χ² (5, 2426) = 157.00, P < 0.001, φc = 0.246, DA-CPR (χ² (1, 1623) = 610.00, P < 0.001, OR = 27.50 (20.10–37.80), φc = 0.613), ROSC (χ² (1, 2426) = 30.60, P < 0.001, OR = 1.67 (1.39–2.00), φc = 0.112), ROSC at the hospital admission (χ² (1, 2426) = 33.30, P < 0.001, OR = 1.75 (1.44–2.12), φc = 0.117), outcome: χ² (2, 2426) = 34.00, P < 0.001, φc = 0.118. TYPE OF CPR: place of collapse χ² (5, 753) = 20.30, P = 0.001, cc = 0.162, DA-CPR (χ² (1, 630) = 4.90,P = 0.027, OR = 2.22 (1.08–4.57), φc = 0.09), ROSC (χ² (1, 753) = 8.34, P = 0.004, OR = 1.57 (1.16–2.14), φc = 0.105), ROSC at the hospital admission (χ² (1, 753) = 9.81, P = 0.002, OR = 1.64 (1.21–2.27), φc = 0.114), outcome: χ² (2, 753) = 13.70, P = 0.001, Cc = 0.133.

Table 3 Binary Logistic Regression for Predicting ROSC Maintenance at the Hospital Admission with the Following Covariates

	Predictor	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval		B	P
			Lower	Upper
	EMS response interval (minutes)	1.093	0.06019	0.1172	0.08870	< 0.001
	Age (years)	1.005	−0.00243	0.0126	0.00511	0.184
	Bystander reaction interval (minutes)	1.223	0.15588	0.2465	0.20117	< 0.001
Bystander CPR	No – Yes	2.119	0.51175	0.9905	0.75113	< 0.001

Table 4 Differences in EMS Response Intervals, Bystander Reaction Intervals, and Age in Cases Where ROSC Was and Was Not Maintained Until the Hospital Admission

	Maintained ROSC	Mean	Median	SD	p	Effect Size
EMS response interval (minutes)	YES	8.75	8.00	4.68	< 0.001	0.210
	NO	10.53	10.00	5.70
Bystander reaction interval (minutes)	YES	2.60	2.00	2.52	< 0.001	0.320
	NO	4.75	3.00	4.54
Age (years)	YES	63.40	65.00	15.50	0.062	0.06
	NO	64.50	67.00	16.50

Note: Mann Whitney U-test.

Figure 1 Binary logistic regression model for maintained ROSC at the hospital admission. (A) association of EMS response interval and maintained ROSC at the hospital admission (B) association of patients’ age and maintained ROSC at the hospital admission (C) association of bystander reaction interval and maintained ROSC at the hospital admission (D) association of bystander CPR and maintained ROSC at the hospital admission.