Abortion history and its association with current use of modern contraceptive methods in Luanda, Angola

Figures & data

Figure 1 Frequency and percentage of induced abortion by year.

Table 1 Distribution of contraceptive method type by study covariates

Independent variables	Contraceptive method currently using
	No method		Traditional		Condom		Pill		Injectable		Implant		IUD		Total		p-value
	n=428	%	n=21	%	n=412	%	n=130	%	n=153	%	n=21	%	n=11	%	N=1,176	%
Abortion																	<0.001
0	406	94.86	20	95.24	374	90.78	106	81.54	128	83.66	16	76.19	10	90.91	1,060	90.14
1+	22	5.14	1	4.76	38	9.22	24	18.46	25	16.34	5	23.81	1	9.09	116	9.86
Age (years)																	<0.001
15–19	175	40.89	3	14.29	131	31.80	9	6.92	5	3.27	1	4.76	0	0.00	324	27.55
20–24	94	21.96	4	19.05	152	36.89	35	26.92	18	11.76	6	28.57	0	0.00	309	26.28
25–34	105	24.53	8	38.10	102	24.76	61	46.92	66	43.14	5	23.81	5	45.45	352	29.93
35+	54	12.62	6	28.57	27	6.55	25	19.23	64	41.83	9	42.86	6	54.55	191	16.24
Marital status																	<0.001
Single	321	75.00	12	57.14	333	80.83	68	52.31	39	25.49	5	23.81	5	45.45	783	66.58
Married/cohabitating	88	20.60	9	42.86	70	16.99	55	42.31	101	66.01	15	71.43	4	36.36	342	29.08
Divorced/widowed	19	4.44	0	0.00	9	2.18	7	5.38	13	8.50	1	4.76	2	18.18	51	4.34
Access																	<0.001
No	211	49.30	11	52.38	83	20.15	22	16.92	22	14.38	4	19.05	2	18.18	355	30.19
Yes	217	50.70	10	47.62	329	79.85	108	83.08	131	85.62	17	80.95	9	81.82	821	69.81
Contraceptive self-efficacy																	0.009
1 (lowest self-efficacy)	130	30.37	8	38.10	124	30.10	31	23.85	27	17.65	4	19.05	2	18.18	326	27.72
2	234	54.67	9	42.86	233	85.55	74	56.92	90	58.82	9	42.86	6	54.55	655	55.70
3 (highest self-efficacy)	64	14.95	4	19.05	55	13.35	25	19.23	36	23.53	8	38.10	3	27.27	195	16.58
Knowledge of contraceptives																	<0.001
1 (least knowledgeable)	46	10.75	4	19.05	25	6.07	13	10.00	10	6.54	0	0.00	2	18.18	100	8.50
2	223	52.10	9	42.86	184	44.66	47	36.15	64	41.83	3	14.29	3	27.27	533	45.32
3 (most knowledgeable)	159	37.15	8	38.10	203	49.27	70	53.85	79	51.63	18	85.71	6	54.55	543	46.17
Education																	<0.001
No education/primary school	213	49.77	8	25.00	122	29.61	51	39.23	86	56.21	8	38.10	3	27.27	491	41.75
Secondary school	163	38.08	11	62.50	217	52.67	55	42.31	44	28.76	8	38.10	5	45.45	503	42.77
University or higher	52	12.15	2	12.50	73	17.72	24	18.46	23	15.03	5	23.81	3	27.27	182	15.48
Wealth quintiles																	0.002
1 (poorest)	95	22.22	5	23.81	53	12.86	35	26.92	31	20.26	4	19.05	3	27.27	226	19.22
2	98	22.90	4	19.05	66	16.02	32	24.65	28	18.30	4	19.05	1	9.09	233	19.81
3	81	18.93	6	28.57	88	21.36	22	16.92	34	22.22	6	28.57	1	9.09	238	20.24
4	82	19.16	5	23.81	93	22.57	18	13.85	32	20.92	5	23.81	2	18.18	237	20.15
5 (richest)	72	16.82	1	4.76	112	27.18	23	17.69	28	18.30	2	9.52	4	36.36	242	20.58
Community perceptions of FP use																	<0.001
1 (least acceptable)	83	19.39	1	4.76	40	9.71	22	16.92	10	6.54	2	9.52	2	18.18	160	13.61
2	301	70.33	15	71.43	316	76.70	84	64.62	103	67.32	10	47.62	7	63.64	836	71.09
3 (most acceptable)	44	10.28	5	23.81	56	13.59	24	18.46	40	26.14	9	42.86	2	18.18	180	15.31
Number of living children																	<0.001
0	5	1.17	0	0.00	1	0.24	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	6	0.51
1–2	122	28.50	7	33.33	108	26.21	74	56.92	80	52.29	13	61.90	5	45.45	409	34.78
3+	301	70.33	14	66.67	303	73.54	56	43.08	73	47.71	8	38.10	6	54.55	761	64.71

Abbreviations: FP, family planning; IUD, intrauterine device.

Table 2 Percentage breakdown of type of contraceptive method by abortion history

Contraceptive method currently using	No method		Traditional		Condom		Pill		Injectable		Implant		IUD				Total		p-value
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%	n		%
Abortion																			<0.001
0	406	38.30	20	1.89	374	35.28	106	10.00	128	12.08	16	1.51		10		0.94		1,060
1+	22	18.97	1	0.86	38	32.76	24	20.69	25	21.55	5	4.31		1		0.86		116
Total	428	36.39	21	1.79	412	35.03	130	11.05	153	13.01	21	1.79		11		0.94		1,176

Abbreviation: IUD, intrauterine device.

Table 3 History of induced abortion by study covariates

Covariates	Abortion
	0		1+		Total		p-value
	n=1,060	%	n=116	%	N=1,176	%
Age (years)							<0.001
15–19	308	29.06	16	13.79	324	27.55
20–24	282	26.60	27	23.28	309	26.28
25–34	298	28.11	54	46.55	352	29.93
35+	172	16.23	19	16.38	191	16.24
Marital status							0.064
Single	717	67.64	66	56.90	783	66.58
Married/cohabitating	299	28.21	43	37.07	342	29.08
Divorced/widowed	44	4.15	7	6.03	51	4.34
Access							0.001
No	335	31.60	20	17.24	355	30.19
Yes	725	68.40	96	82.76	801	69.81
Contraceptive self-efficacy							0.007
1 (lowest self-efficacy)	307	28.96	19	16.38	326	27.72
2	585	55.19	70	60.34	655	55.70
3 (highest self-efficacy)	168	15.85	27	23.28	195	16.58
Knowledge of contraceptives							0.721
1 (least knowledgeable)	88	8.30	12	10.34	100	8.50
2	480	45.28	53	45.69	533	45.32
3 (most knowledgeable)	492	46.42	51	43.97	543	45.17
Education							0.172
No education/primary school	439	41.42	52	44.83	491	41.75
Secondary school	462	43.58	41	35.34	503	42.77
University or higher	159	15.00	23	19.83	182	15.48
Wealth quintiles							0.626
1 (poorest)	201	18.96	25	21.55	226	19.22
2	205	19.34	28	24.14	233	19.81
3	216	20.38	22	18.97	238	20.24
4	217	20.47	20	17.24	237	20.15
5 (richest)	221	20.85	21	18.10	242	20.58
Community perceptions of FP use							0.429
1 (least acceptable)	144	13.58	16	13.79	160	13.61
2	749	70.66	87	75.00	836	71.09
3 (most acceptable)	167	15.75	13	11.21	180	15.31
Number of living children							0.001
0	6	0.57	0	0.00	6	0.51
1–2	351	33.11	58	50.00	409	34.78
3+	703	66.32	58	50.00	761	64.71

Abbreviation: FP, family planning.

Table 4 Use of a modern contraceptive method by study covariates

Independent variables	Abortion
	No		Yes		Total		p-value
	n=440	%	n=736	%	N=1,176	%
Abortion							<0.001
0	417	94.77	643	87.36	1,060	90.14
1+	23	5.23	93	12.64	116	9.87
Age (years)							<0.001
15–19	178	40.45	146	19.84	324	27.55
20–24	96	21.82	213	28.94	309	26.28
25–34	110	25.00	242	32.88	352	29.93
35+	56	12.73	135	18.34	191	16.24
Marital status							<0.001
Single	328	74.55	455	61.82	783	66.58
Married/cohabitating	93	21.14	249	33.83	342	29.08
Divorced/widowed	19	4.32	32	4.35	51	4.34
Access							<0.001
No	217	49.32	138	18.75	355	30.19
Yes	223	50.68	598	81.25	821	69.81
Contraceptive self-efficacy							0.210
1 (lowest self-efficacy)	134	30.45	192	26.09	326	27.72
2	240	54.55	415	56.39	655	55.70
3 (highest self-efficacy)	66	15.00	129	17.53	195	16.58
Knowledge of contraceptives							<0.001
1 (least knowledgeable)	47	10.68	53	7.20	100	8.50
2	229	52.05	304	41.30	533	45.32
3 (most knowledgeable)	164	37.27	379	51.49	543	46.17
Education							<0.001
No education/primary school	216	49.09	275	37.36	491	41.75
Secondary school	171	38.86	332	45.11	503	42.77
University or higher	53	12.05	129	17.53	182	15.48
Wealth quintiles							0.010
1 (poorest)	98	22.27	128	17.39	226	19.22
2	101	22.95	132	17.93	233	19.81
3	85	19.32	153	20.79	238	20.24
4	83	18.86	154	20.92	237	20.15
5 (richest)	73	16.59	169	22.96	242	20.58
Community perceptions of FP use							<0.001
1 (least acceptable)	83	18.86	77	10.46	160	13.61
2	310	70.45	526	71.47	836	71.09
3 (most acceptable)	47	10.68	133	18.07	180	15.31
Number of living children							0.001
0	5	1.14	1	0.14	6	0.51
1–2	128	29.09	281	38.18	409	34.78
3+	307	69.77	454	61.68	761	64.71

Abbreviation: FP, family planning.

Table 5 Relative risk of using a modern contraceptive method by abortion history

Risk of using a modern method, given abortion history	Use of a modern method
	RR	95% CI	p-Value
Abortion
0	1 (ref)	–	–
1+	1.23	1.10–1.36	<0.001
Age (years)
15–19	1 (ref)	–	–
20–24	1.38	1.20–1.59	<0.001
25–34	1.31	1.12–1.52	0.001
35+	1.32	1.12–1.57	0.001
Marital status
Never married	1 (ref)	–	–
Ever married	1.04	0.94–1.15	0.467
Access
No	1 (ref)	–	–
Yes	1.80	1.56–2.06	<0.001
Knowledge
1 (least knowledgeable)	1 (ref)	–	–
2	1.01	0.82–1.23	0.956
3 (most knowledgeable)	1.15	0.94–1.40	0.178
Education
No education/primary school	1 (ref)	–	–
Secondary school	1.11	1.00–1.23	0.046
University or higher	1.07	0.94–1.22	0.323
Wealth quintiles
1 (poorest)	1 (ref)	–	–
2	0.94	0.81–1.09	0.428
3	1.06	0.92–1.22	0.451
4	1.02	0.88–1.18	0.776
5 (richest)	1.06	0.92–1.22	0.446
Community perceptions of FP use
1 (least acceptable)	1 (ref)	–	–
2	1.12	0.95–1.33	0.180
3 (most acceptable)	1.26	1.04–1.52	0.018
Number of living children
0	1 (ref)	–	–
1–2	3.52	0.59–20.92	0.167
3+	3.58	0.60–21.32	0.162

Abbreviations: FP, family planning; RR, relative risk.

Table 6 Predicted probabilities of using a modern contraceptive method by abortion history

Currently using a modern method
Abortion	Adjusteda predicted probability	95% CI
0	0.60	0.59–0.61
1+	0.80	0.76–0.84

Note:

a Age, marital status, access, knowledge, education, wealth, community perceptions, number of living children.