Utilization of Maternity Services and Its Relationship with Postpartum Use of Modern Contraceptives Among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Nigeria

Figures & data

Figure 1 The flow chart showing the data selection procedure.

Table 1 Frequency Distribution of the Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Women in the Study

Variables	Number of Women	Percentage (%)
Age of mother at last delivery (years)
<20	608	4.7
20–34	8280	63.4
35+	4178	32.0
Number of children alive
0	158	1.2
1–2	4807	36.8
3–4	4207	32.2
5+	3894	29.8
Type of place of residence
Urban	4437	34.0
Rural	8629	66.0
Region
North Central	2082	15.9
North East	2580	19.7
North West	3949	30.2
South East	1067	8.2
South-South	1629	12.5
South West	1759	13.5
Educational status
No education	5990	45.8
Primary	2747	21.0
Secondary	3445	26.4
Higher	884	6.8
Wealth index
Poorest	2825	21.6
Poorer	2945	22.5
Middle	2633	20.2
Richer	2469	18.9
Richest	2194	16.8
Religion
Catholic	1052	8.1
Other Christian	4387	33.6
Islam	7416	56.8
Other	155	1.2
Missing	56	0.4
Marital status
“Never married”	329	2.5
Presently married	12,215	93.5
Formerly married	522	4.0
Total	13,066	100.0

Table 2 Frequency Distribution of Utilization of Various Maternity Services (ANC, Place of Delivery, and PNC) and the Place of Access of the Services

Variables	Number of Women	Percentage (%) (with Missing)	Percentage (%) (Without Missing)
Number of ANC visits
None	4518	34.6	35.4
1–3	1451	11.1	11.4
4+	6782	51.9	53.2
Missing	315	2.4
ANC received at home
Yes	278		2.1
No	8270		63.3
No ANC	4518		34.6
ANC in Public sector
Yes	6589		50.4
No	1959		15.0
No ANC	4518		34.6
ANC in private sector
Yes	1890		14.5
No	6658		51.0
No ANC	4518		34.6
Place of delivery
Home	8008	61.3	61.4
Public sector	3300	25.3	25.3
Private sector	1712	13.1	13.1
Other	18	0.1	0.1
Missing	28	0.2
Timing of PNC
≤ 2 days	1907	14.6	14.7
3 days to 6 weeks	1844	14.1	14.2
No PHC	9264	70.9	71.2
Missing	51	0.4
Place of PNC access
Home	512		3.9
Public sector	2477		19.0
Private sector	810		6.2
Other	3		0
No PNC	9264		70.9

Abbreviations: ANC, Antenatal care; PNC, Postnatal care.

Table 3 Association Between the Socio-Demographic Variables and Post-Partum Modern Contraceptive (PPMC) Uptake

Variable	Number Using PPMC/(%)	Total	Chi-Square	P-value
Age of mother at last delivery (years)
<20	29 (4.4)	653	58.34	0.000
20–34	891 (10.5)	8514
35+	566 (13.6)	4172
Number of children alive
0	2 (1.1)	174	41.52	0.000
1–2	473 (9.6)	4922
3–4	556 (12.7)	4374
5+	454 (11.7)	3867
Type of place of residence
Urban	909 (19.1)	4760	474.30	0.000
Rural	576 (6.7)	8578
Region
North Central	278 (14.3)	1944	1080.00	0.000
North East	64 (2.9)	2235
North West	200 (4.2)	4796
South East	130 (12.4)	1049
South South	251 (18.9)	1326
South West	561 (28.2)	1987
Highest education
No education	112 (1.7)	6444	1200.00	0.000
Primary	408 (15.5)	2635
Secondary	762 (22.3)	3418
Higher	203 (24.2)	840
Wealth index
Poorest	32 (1.0)	3054	1158.30	0.000
Poorer	142 (4.8)	2973
Middle	263 (10.3)	2543
Richer	388 (16.3)	2378
Richest	660 (27.6)	2390
Religion
Catholic	212 (18.7)	1136	854.6	0.000
Other Christian	866 (22.0)	3928
Islam	397 (4.9)	8055
Other	8 (5.1)	157
Marital status
Never married	74 (28.0)	264	78.08	0.000
Presently married	1362 (10.8)	12,580
Formerly married	49 (9.9)	493
Informed about FP at health facility
Yes	446 (28.1)	1587	522.50	0.000
No	1035 (8.9)	11,690

Note: The total did not add to 13,066 because of the weighting of data in cross-tabulations.

Table 4 Relationship Between the Utilization of Maternity Services/Place of Access of Services and PPMC Uptake

Variables	Number Using PPMC/(%)	Total	Chi-Square	P-value
Number of ANC visits
None	112 (2.3)	4801
1–3	95 (6.5)	1453	734.5	0.000
4+	1212 (17.9)	6763
ANC received at home
Yes	44 (14.1)	313
No	1327 (16.2)	8224	588.5	0.000
No ANC	112 (2.3)	4801
ANC received in Public sector
Yes	897 (13.9)	6434
No	447 (22.7)	2104	709.8	0.000
No ANC	112 (2.3)	4801
ANC received in private sector
Yes	477 (23.5)	2028
No	897 (13.8)	6509	736.0	0.000
No ANC	112 (2.3)	4801
Place of delivery
Home	400 (4.8)	8318
Public sector	647 (20.6)	3146	917.4	0.000
Private sector	436 (23.8)	1833
Other	0 (0)	16
Timing of PNC
≤ 2 days	502 (24.9)	2018
3 days to 6 weeks	347 (19.5)	1775	711.6	0.000
No PNC	626 (6.6)	9492
Place of access of PNC
Home	54 (10.6)	511
Public sector	553 (22.9)	2418	784.6	0.000
Private sector	252 (27.6)	913
No PNC	626 (6.6)	9492

Abbreviations: PPMC, post-partum modern contraceptive; ANC, antenatal care; PNC, postnatal care.

Table 5 The Odds of Use of Postpartum Modern Contraception (PPMC) by Number of ANC Visits, Place of Delivery, Timing of Postnatal Care (PNC) Visit, Place of Access of PNC Visit, and Other Control Variables

Variables	Adjusted OR	95% Confidence Interval (CI)	P value
Number of ANC visits
None	1
1–3	1.29	0.96–1.75	0.093
4+	2.08	1.65–2.62	0.000
Place of delivery
Home	1
Public sector	1.80	1.54–2.10	0.000
Private sector	1.54	1.28–1.85	0.000
Timing of PNC
≤ 2 days	1.21	1.02–1.43	0.029
3 days to 6 weeks	1
No PNC	0.71	0.60–0.83	0.000
Place of PNC access
Home	1
Public sector	0.85	0.62–1.17	0.323
Private sector	1.46	1.05–2.02	0.024
No PNC	1.24	0.87–1.76	0.236
Age of mother, at last, deliver (years)
<20	1	0.77–1.87	0.434
20–34	1.20	0.74–1.90	0.475
35+	1.19
Number of children alive
0	1
1–2	5.91	1.49–23.53	0.012
3–4	9.99	2.51–39.85	0.001
5+	16.66	4.16–66.68	0.000
Type of place of residence
Urban	1.01	0.86–1.19	0.911
Rural	1
Region
North Central	1.00	0.82–1.21	0.991
North East	0.39	0.29–0.52	0.000
North West	0.63	0.51–0.77	0.000
South East	0.31	0.24–0.39	0.000
South-South	0.53	0.43–0.65	0.000
South West	1
Highest education
No education	1
Primary	3.73	2.92–4.76	0.000
Secondary	4.27	3.31–5.51	0.000
Higher	3.22	0.24–0.39	0.000
Wealth index
Poorest	1
Poorer	2.02	1.34–3.03	0.001
Middle	2.52	1.69–3.77	0.000
Richer	2.97	1.97–4.50	0.000
Richest	4.95	3.23–7.59	0.000
Religion
Catholic	1
Other Christian	0.88	0.73–1.07	0.203
Islam	0.41	0.33–0.52	0.000
Other	0.45	0.21–0.96	0.039
Marital status
Never married	1
Currently in union	0.33	0.24–0.46	0.000
Formerly in union	0.28	0.18–0.43	0.000
Informed about FP at health facility
Yes	1.72	1.49–1.98	0.000
No	1

Note: Bold values indicate statistical significance.

Abbreviations: PPMC, post-partum modern contraceptive; ANC, antenatal care; PNC, postnatal care.