Modern Contraceptive Method Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Reproductive Age Women in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Frequency (n= 708)	Percent (%)
Age of the respondent (in years)
15–19	40	5.6
20–24	173	24.4
25–29	236	33.3
30–34	105	14.8
35–39	107	15.1
40 and above	47	6.6
Ethnicity
Amhara	666	94.0
Oromo	9	1.3
Tigray	33	4.7
Religion
Orthodox	494	69.8
Muslim	167	23.6
Catholic	9	1.3
Protestant	38	5.4
Marital status
Married	621	87.7
Separated	26	3.7
Divorced	16	2.3
Single	45	6.4
Educational status of the respondent
Unable to read and write	76	10.7
Able to read and write	64	9.0
Primary education	101	14.3
Secondary education	108	15.3
Preparatory education	88	12.4
Certificate and diploma holder	100	14.1
Degree holder and above	171	24.2
Educational status of the husband
Unable to read and write	49	6.9
Able to read and write	63	8.9
Primary education	83	11.7
Secondary education	110	15.5
Preparatory education	99	14.0
Certificate and diploma holder	81	11.4
Degree holder and above	223	31.5
Occupation of the respondent
House wife	353	49.9
Merchant	86	12.1
Government employee	155	21.9
Daily laborer	30	4.2
Student	72	10.2
Private employee	12	1.7
Occupation of the husband
Merchant	182	25.7
Government employee	225	31.8
Daily laborer	168	23.7
Student	72	10.2
Private employee	61	8.6
Monthly income (in Ethiopian birr)
≤600	58	8.2
601–1650	164	23.2
1651–3200	149	21.0
3201–5250	182	25.7
5251 and above	155	21.9

Table 2 Reproductive Health Characteristics of Reproductive Age Women in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Reproductive Characteristics	Frequency (n= 708)	Percent (%)
History of pregnancy
Yes	627	88.6
No	81	11.4
Age at first pregnancy in years (n = 627)
10–14	7	1.0
15–19	158	22.3
20–24	285	40.3
25 and above	177	25.0
Number of pregnancies (n = 627)
1–2	360	50.8
3–4	185	26.1
5–6	82	11.6
All deliveries live newborn
Yes	630	89.0
No	78	11.0
History of child death experience
No	683	96.5
Yes	25	3.5
Number of live children (n = 683)
1–3	497	70.2
4–6	186	26.3
Number of children desired
1–3	243	34.3
4–6	411	58.1
7 and above	54	7.6
Family size
1–3	235	33.2
4–6	351	49.6
7 and above	122	17.2

Table 3 Participants Attitude Towards Modern Contraceptive Methods in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

	Attitude Questions Items (Correct Answer)	Response	Frequency with Correct Answer (n=708)	Percent (%)
1.	Do you think that short acting contraceptives are more effective than long acting contraceptives	Strongly disagree	104	14.7
		Disagree	299	42.2
		Neutral	79	11.2
		Agree	174	24.6
		Strongly agree	52	7.3
2.	Do you think/agree contraceptives have side effect and it will be dangerous to the mother	Strongly disagree	78	11.0
		Disagree	179	25.3
		Neutral	75	10.6
		Agree	256	36.1
		Strongly agree	120	17.0
3.	Do you think too many children help to improve the income of the family	Strongly disagree	130	18.4
		Disagree	183	25.8
		Neutral	87	12.3
		Agree	234	33.0
		Strongly agree	74	10.5
4.	Do you think the contraceptives help the couple to become responsible parents	Strongly disagree	113	16.0
		Disagree	190	26.8
		Neutral	61	8.6
		Agree	225	31.8
		Strongly agree	119	16.8
5.	Do you think contraceptive use cause infertility in the women	Strongly disagree	66	9.3
		Disagree	184	26.0
		Neutral	77	10.9
		Agree	282	39.8
		Strongly agree	99	14.0
6.	Do you think child mortality is compensated by too much birth	Strongly disagree	51	7.2
		Disagree	186	26.1
		Neutral	52	7.3
		Agree	332	47.0
		Strongly agree	87	12.4
7.	Do you think that child spacing helps to protect the health of the mothers and children	Strongly disagree	57	8.1
		Disagree	234	33.1
		Neutral	27	3.8
		Agree	310	43.8
		Strongly agree	80	11.3
8.	Do you think that contraceptives help a mother to regain her strength for the next baby	Strongly disagree	20	2.8
		Disagree	203	28.7
		Neutral	31	4.4
		Agree	372	52.5
		Strongly agree	82	11.6
9.	Do you think the husband shares the responsibility of the contraceptive use	Strongly disagree	97	13.7
		Disagree	281	39.7
		Neutral	59	8.3
		Agree	212	29.9
		Strongly agree	59	8.3
10.	Do you think contraceptive use decrease sexual satisfaction	Strongly disagree	43	6.1
		Disagree	160	22.6
		Neutral	165	23.3
		Agree	262	37.0
		Strongly agree	78	11.0

Table 4 Modern Contraceptive Utilization and Related Issues Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

S.No	Contraceptive Utilization	Response	Frequency (n= 708)	Percent (%)
1.	Ever used contraceptive methods	No	310	43.8
		Yes	398	56.2
2.	Modern contraceptive currently using	No	416	58.8
		Yes	292	41.2
3.	Methods currently using (n=292)	Injectables	151	51.7
		Implants	51	17.5
		Intrauterine device	9	3.0
		Pills	70	24
		Condom	11	3.8
4.	The place where you got the methods (n=292)	Public hospital	19	6.5
		Private hospital/Clinic	45	15.4
		Health center	147	50.3
		Pharmacy/Drug store	81	27.8
5.	Ever defaulted contraceptive methods (n = 398)	No	124	31.2
		Yes	274	68.8
6.	Factors for discontinuation of the contraceptives (n=274)	Sickness/side effect	65	23.7
		To have an extra child	159	58.0
		Living away from husband	50	18.3
7.	Who decide the contraceptive use	Husband only	102	14.4
		Women only	219	30.9
		Jointly	387	54.7

Figure 1 The main reasons for not using the modern contraceptive methods currently among women of reproductive age group in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019.

Table 5 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Utilization Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Contraceptive Utilization		Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	No	Yes
Age of the respondent (in years)
15–19	24	16	3.25 (1.21, 8.74)*	5.41 (1.56, 18.78)*
20–24	99	74	3.64 (1.61, 8.26)	3.57 (1.34, 9.52)*
25–29	126	110	4.26 (1.91, 9.50)*	4.73 (1.81, 12.34)*
30–34	51	54	5.16 (2.20, 12.1)*	4.66 (1.71,12.73)*
35–39	77	30	1.90 (0.80, 4.53)	2.40 (0.87, 6.76)
40 and above	39	8	1.00	1.00
Ethnicity
Amhara	386	280	1.54 (0.69, 3.04)	–
Oromo	8	1	0.25 (0.03, 2.26)	–
Tigray	22	11	1.00	–
Religion
Orthodox	279	215	1.32 (0.67, 2.62)	–
Muslim	107	60	0.96 (0.46, 1.20)	–
Catholic	6	3	0.86 (0.19, 4.00)	–
Protestant	24	14	1.00	–
Marital status
Married	366	255	1.05 (0.56, 1.94)	–
Separated	16	10	0.94 (0.35, 2.52)	–
Divorced	7	9	1.93 (0.61, 6.11)	–
Single	27	18	1.00	–
Educational status of respondent
Unable to read and write	59	17	1.00	1.00
Able to read and write	53	11	0.72 (0.31, 1.68)	1.18 (0.43, 3.29)
Primary education	72	29	1.40 (0.70, 2.79)	1.32 (0.56, 3.12)
Secondary education	59	49	2.88 (1.49, 5.57)*	1.86 (0.81, 4.23)
Preparatory education	44	44	3.47 (1.75, 6.87)*	2.40 (1.02, 5.63)*
Certificate and diploma holder	48	52	3.76 (1.93, 7.33)*	2.32 (1.01, 5.33)*
Degree holder and above	81	90	3.86 (2.08, 7.15)*	4.04 (1.82, 8.95)*
Educational status of the husband
Unable to read and write	44	5	1.00	1.00
Able to read and write	53	10	1.66 (0.53, 5.22)	0.81 (0.21, 3.18)
Primary education	49	34	6.11 (2.20, 17.0)*	5.10 (1.60,15.92)*
Secondary education	65	45	6.09 (2.24, 16.60)*	3.02 (0.99,9.19)
Preparatory education	48	51	9.35 (3.42, 25.56)*	4.03(1.32, 12.36)*
Certificate and diploma holder	38	43	10.0 (3.58, 27.69)*	4.62 (1.48,14.46)*
Degree holder and above	119	104	7.69 (2.94, 20.12)*	3.09 (1.06, 9.01)*
Occupation of the respondent
House wife	213	140	1.00
Merchant	49	37	1.15 (0.71, 1.85)	–
Government employee	89	66	1.13 (0.77, 1.66)	–
Daily laborer	14	16	1.74 (0.82, 3.68)	–
Student	47	25	0.81 (0.48, 1.38)	–
Private employee	4	8	3.04 (0.90, 10.30)	–
Occupation of the husband
Merchant	100	82	1.45 (0.80, 2.65)	–
Government employee	135	90	1.18 (0.66, 2.13)	–
Daily laborer	93	75	1.43 (0.78, 2.62)	–
Student	49	23	0.83 (0.41, 1.71)	–
Private employee	39	22	1.00	–
Monthly income
≤600	37	21	1.00	–
601–1650	95	69	1.28 (0.69, 2.38)	–
1651–3200	89	60	1.19 (0.63, 2.23)	–
3201–5250	111	71	1.13 (0.61, 2.08)	–
5251 and above	84	71	1.49 (0.80, 2.77)	–

Note: *Statistically significant at P-value ≤0.05 in binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.

Table 6 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis on Factors That Associated with Modern Contraceptive Utilization Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019

Characteristics	Contraceptive Utilization		Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	No	Yes
History of pregnancy
Yes	363	264	1.38 (0.85, 2.24)	–
No	53	28	1.00	–
Age at first pregnancy (in years)
10–14	4	3	1.68 (0.35, 8.07)	–
15–19	92	66	1.61 (0.91, 2.84)	–
20–24	157	128	1.83 (1.08, 3.09)*	–
25 and above	107	70	1.00
Number of pregnancies
1–2	219	141	1.00	–
3–4	97	88	1.29 (0.78, 2.14)	–
5–6	46	36	1.81 (1.05, 3.13)*	–
All deliveries live newborn				–
Yes	357	273	2.37 (1.38, 4.08)*	2.34 (1.19, 4.59)*
No	59	19	1.00	1.00
History of child death experience
No	394	289	5.38 (1.59, 18.14)*	4.43 (1.03, 19.06)*
Yes	22	3	1.00	1.00
Number of children live
1–3	316	181	1.00	1.00
4–6	93	93	1.75 (1.24, 2.45)*	1.41 (0.90, 2.19)
Number of children desired
1–3	127	116	2.88 (1.47, 5.65)*	2.03 (0.89, 4.65)
4–6	248	163	2.07 (1.08, 4.00)*	2.39 (1.08, 5.31)*
7 and above	41	13	1.00	1.00
Family size
1–3	152	83	1.00	–
4–6	192	159	1.52 (1.08, 2.13)*	–
7 and above	72	50	1.27 (0.81, 1.99)	–
Overall knowledge about contraceptives
Good knowledge	154	215	4.75 (3.42, 6.59)*	4.05 (2.73, 6.01)*
Poor knowledge	262	77	1.00	1.00
Overall attitude about contraceptives
Positive attitude	120	201	5.45 (3.93, 7.55)*	3.48 (2.37, 5.11)*
Negative attitude	296	91	1.00	1.00

Note: *Statistically significant at P-value ≤0.05 in binary logistic regression and multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.

Table 7 Comparison of the Prevalence of Modern Contraceptive Utilization with Various Previous Studies

Previous Studies	Prevalence (%)
Demographic and health survey of the Amhara Region (DHSAR)^Citation14	46.9%
Ethiopian national level^Citation12	36.0%
Mojo Town^Citation30	38.3%
Debre-Brahhan, urban^Citation24	48.6%
Debre-Brahhan, rural^Citation24	41.21%
Boditi Town^Citation29	48.2%
Previous Gondar hospital study^Citation26	35.0%
Addis Ababa City^Citation16	63%
Arba-Minch Town^Citation18	63.4%
Farta District^Citation1	66.2%
Arsi Zone^Citation32	67.4%
South Nations Nationalities and Peoples Region of Ethiopia (SNNPR)^Citation7	53.3%
Dembia District^Citation17	31.7%
Debat Health and Demographic Surveillance System Site (DHDSSS)^Citation15	32.5%
Afar Region^Citation5	8.5%
Ethiopia, Gondar City (Current study)	41.2%

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