Modern Contraceptive Methods Predict Hemoglobin Levels Among Women of Childbearing Age from DHS 2016

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of exclusion of women of childbearing age to the study.

Table 1 The Association Between Anemia and Basic Characteristics of the Study Population

Variables	Anemia
	No	Yes	P-value
Age
15–19	2339 (24.5)	708 (20.7)
20–24	1742 (18.2)	583 (17.1)
25–29	1628 (17.0)	638 (18.7)
30–34	1271 (13.3)	531 (15.5)
35–39	1152 (12.0)	448 (13.1)
40–44	804 (8.4)	310 (9.1)
45–49	627 (6.6)	200 (5.9)	0.000
Residence
Urban	3573 (37.4)	859 (25.1)
Rural	5990 (62.6)	2559 (74.9)	0.000
Education
No education	3786 (39.6)	1911 (55.9)
Primary edu.	3420 (35.8)	1008 (29.5)
Secondury edu	1529 (16.0)	358 (10.5)
Higher edu	828 (8.7)	141 (4.1)	0.000
BMI
< 18.5	2199 (23.0)	1015 (29.8)
18.5–24.9	6151 (64.6)	2087 (61.2)
≥ 25	1178 (12.4)	307 (9.0)	0.000
Marital status
No	4274 (44.7)	1151 (33.7)
Yes	5289 (55.3)	2267 (66.3)	0.000
Wealth
Poorest	1851 (19.4)	1289 (37.7)
Poor	1221 (12.8)	458 (13.4)
Middle	1272 (13.3)	414 (12.1)
Richer	1381 (14.4)	371 (10.9)
Richest	3838 (40.1)	886 (25.9)	0.000
Smoking
No	9489 (99.2)	3388 (99.1)
Yes	74 (0.8)	30 (0.9)	0.318

Note: N is given in percentage (n%).

Table 2 Anemia and Birth Status and Contraceptive Use Pattern Among Women of Reproductive Age in Ethiopia

	Anemia
	No	Yes	P-value
Children ever born
0	3680 (38.5)	938 (27.4)
1–2	2211 (23.1)	760 (22.2)
3–4	1554 (16.3)	623 (18.2)
5–18	2118 (22.1)	1097 (32. 1)	0.000
Number of births in the past 5 years
No births	5669 (59.3)	1553 (45.4)
1	2523 (26.4)	953 (27.9)
2	1164 (12.2)	720 (21.1)
3 or more	207 (2.2)	192 (5.6)	0.000
Number of births in the past 1 year
No births	8288 (86.7)	2673 (78.2)
1 or more	1275 (13.3)	745 (21.8)	0.000
The pattern of contraceptive use
Never used	5636 (58.9)	2426 (71.0)
Used before last birth	655 (6.8)	244 (7.1)
Used since last birth	727 (7.6)	160 (4.7)	0.000
Currently using	2545 (26.6)	588 (17.2)
Method
No use	7018 (71.3)	2830 (28.7)
Traditional	71 (85.5)	12 (14.5)
Modern	2474 (81.1)	576 (18.9)	0.000
Modern contraceptive use
Barrier	35 (0.4)	8 (0.2)
Pills	180 (1.9)	42 (1.2)
Intrauterine device	130 (1.4)	50 (1.5)
Injections	1503 (15.7)	299 (8.7)
Female sterilization	12 (0.1)	15 (0.4)
Implant	591 (6.2)	155 (4.5)
Other methods*	94 (1.0)	19 (0.6)	0.000

Note: *Includes male sterilization and emergency contraception, n%.

Table 3 Contraceptive Use, BMI, and Hemoglobin Status Among Women of Childbearing Age

	Mean (±SD) Hemoglobin (g/dl)	COR			AOR
Total population	12.8 ± 1.7
Method		OR	95% CI	P-value	OR	95% CI	P-value
No use	12.65±1.8	1			1.00
Traditional	13.2 ± 1.3	0.5	0.22–0.77	0.005	0.6	0.29–1.02	0.058
Modern	13.1 ± 1.5	0.54	0.52–0.63	0.000	0.5	0.49–0.61	0.000
Pattern of contraceptive use
Never used	12.5 ± 1.8	1			1
Used before last birth	12.7 ± 1.6	0.5	0.48–0.59	0.000	0.5	0.45–0.56	0.000
Used since last birth	13.1 ± 1.5	0.5	0.42–0.611	0.000	0.6	0.46–0.67	0.000
Currently using	13.1 ± 1.5	0.86	0.74–1.01	0.067	0.62	0.49–0.96	0.017
Modern contraceptive use
Barrier	13.2 ± 1.5	1			1
Pills	13.1 ± 1.4	0.6	0.41–0.81	0.002	0.6	0.45–1.12	0.013
Intrauterine device	12.9 ± 1.6	1.05	0.68–1.32	0.778	1.05	0.89–1.24	0.704
Injections	13.2 ± 1.5	0.5	0.43–0.56	0.000	0.59	0.24–1.79	0.000
Female sterilization	11.9 ± 1.8	3.1	1.45–6.63	0.004	1.43	1.17–1.75	0.062
Implant	13.1 ± 1.6	0.6	0.54–0.78	0.000	0.72	0.60–0.86	0.009
Other method	13.1 ± 1.6	0.5	0.31–0.82	0.006	1.65	1.38–1.99	0.070
BMI
18.5–24.9	12.8 ± 1.7	1
< 18.5	11.1 ± 1.2	1.12	1.01–1.78	0.002	2.20	1.58–2.62	0.000
≥ 25	13.6 ± 1.9	0.87	1.01–1.78	0.456	0.95	0.8–1.16	0.954

Note: Adjusted for household wealth index, age, total children ever born, educational status, marital status, place of residence (urban/rural), household size.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.