A Brief History and Advancement of Contraceptive Multipurpose Prevention Technology (cMPT) Products

Figures & data

Figure 1 History of MPTs. Created with BioRender.com.

Table 1 Summary of Efficacy of Leading Contraceptive MPTs^a

Product		Preclinical Research^b		Clinical Trials		Safety
		Sperm	STIs	Contraceptive	Microbicide
Surfactants	Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) [Brand names: Conceptrol Options, VCF, Gynol II Extra Strength, Encare, and Today Vaginal Contraceptive]	✔	✔ HIV, HSV-2, CT, NG, TV	✔	✕ HIV, NG, TV, BV, CT, Candidiasis	Vaginal irritation, lesions, and ↑ HIV transmission in frequent ♀ users
	C31G (Brand name: Savvy^®)	✔	✔ CT, HIV, HSV-2	✔	Inconclusive HIV	✔
	Sodium Lauryl Sulfate Gel (SLS) with Invisible Condom	✔	✔ HIV, HSV-2, HPV	✔	Not Done	✔
Polyanions	Cellulose Sulfate (CS)	✔	✔ NG, CT, HIV, HSV, HPV	✔	✕ HIV, NG, TV	✔ Possible ↑HIV
	PRO2000	✔	✔ HIV, HSV, CT, NG	Not Done	✕ HIV, NG, CT, TV	✔
pH Modulators	BufferGel	✔	✔ CT, HPV, HSV-2, HIV	✔ With diaphragm	✕ HIV	✔
	Vaginal pH Modulator (VPM) Gel [Brand names: ACIDFORM, Amphora, Phexxi, EVO 100]	✔	✔ HIV, NG, CT	✔	Inconclusive CT, NG	Some vaginal irritation reported

Notes: ^aSee Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 for research details. ^bAnimal and in vitro research on spermicidal and anti-sexually transmitted pathogen activity. ✔Success, ✕ Failure.

Abbreviations: BV, Bacterial vaginosis; HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; CT, Chlamydia trachomatis; HPV, Human papillomavirus; HSV, Herpes Simplex Virus; NG, Neisseria gonorrhoeae; TV, Trichomonas vaginalis.