Changes in blood biochemical markers before, during, and after a 2-day ultramarathon

Figures & data

Table 1 Subject characteristics (n=18)

Variables	Mean ± standard deviation
Age (years)	52.1±12.1
Height (cm)	166.4±5.5
Weight (kg)	58.5±4.6
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.1±1.6
HbA1c (%)	5.0±0.3

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA₁c, hemoglobin A₁c.

Table 2 Changes in blood counts, hemoglobin and protein concentrations, and RBC indices

	Reference valuesa	Baselineb	Day 1b	Day 2b	Day 3b	Day 5b	Day 7b
RBCs (/10^Citation4 μL)	427–570	446.9±9.4	467.7±8.6	460.2±7.6	425.8±7.3c	419.8±7.2c	437.6±8.0
Ht (%)	39.8–51.8	42.34±0.66	43.96±0.65	43.22±0.55	40.27±0.70	39.73±0.38c	41.64±0.62
Plt (/10^Citation4 μL)	13.1–36.2	22.21±0.80	24.93±1.67	26.73±1.01d	20.71±2.19	20.95±1.15	22.44±0.97
Hb (g/dL)	13.5–17.6	14.54±0.29	15.13±0.30	14.76±0.24	13.69±0.28c	13.45±0.17c	14.12±0.26
TP (g/dL)	6.7–8.3	7.08±0.09	7.59±0.11d	7.27±0.09	6.63±0.08c	6.87±0.06	7.04±0.08
Alb (g/dL)	3.9–4.9	4.42±0.06	4.81±0.07d	4.67±0.07d	4.28±0.06	4.27±0.05	4.30±0.06
MCV (fL)	82.7–101.6	95.05±1.28	94.26±1.28	94.18±1.25	94.75±1.47	94.93±1.46	95.37±1.29
MCH (pg)	28.0–34.6	32.34±0.50	32.39±0.50	32.15±0.50	32.21±0.63	32.15±0.58	32.34±0.49
MCHC (%)	31.6–36.6	34.03±0.18	34.38±0.20	34.12±0.19	33.97±0.21	33.85±0.19	33.92±0.18

Notes:

a Reference values are from the SRL Test Dictionary 2004.³⁵

b Mean ± standard error.

c Decreased vs baseline (P<0.05).

d Increased vs baseline (P<0.03).

Abbreviations: RBCs, red blood cells; Ht, hematocrit; Plt, platelet; Hb, hemoglobin; TP, total protein; Alb, albumin; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; SRL, Special Reference Laboratories.

Table 3 Changes in various serum biochemical parameters with adjustment of hemoglobin concentrations

	Reference valuesa	Baselineb	Day 1b	Day 2b	Day 3b	Day 5b	Day 7b
ID-Bil (mg/dL)	0.1–0.8	0.32±0.03	0.48±0.04	0.76±0.07c	1.01±0.10c	0.44±0.04	0.23±0.04
D-Bil (mg/dL)	0.0–0.3	0.20±0.01	0.24±0.01	0.36±0.03c	0.51±0.03c	0.25±0.02	0.20±0.02
T-Bil (mg/dL)	0.2–1.0	0.51±0.03	0.72±0.05	1.12±0.08c	1.51±0.12c	0.69±0.05	0.43±0.05
Ferritin (μg/L)	27–320	47.04±7.72	57.99±9.14	65.11±9.88c	78.50±1.81c	73.24±10.11c	57.57±10.33
UA (mg/dL)	3.7–7.0	6.14±0.25	7.57±0.75c	6.69±0.39	6.72±0.36	6.08±0.26	6.31±0.26
CK (IU/L)	57–197	214.2±46.0	398.6±58.6	3,716.3±493.3c	2,614.2±410.4c	847.3±119.0	360.4±88.0
LDH (IU/L)	115–245	217.1±12.6	286.2±14.0c	381.1±20.9c	334.7±20.1c	317.0±19.5c	280.3±17.6c
AST (IU/L)	1–40	24.5±2.56	29.1±2.58	91.8±11.78c	94.7±14.02c	55.6±6.45c	35.8±4.68
ALT (IU/L)	5–40	21.5±1.97	23.1±1.98	36.2±3.12c	39.7±3.91c	43.2±4.39c	34.3±3.53c
GGT (IU/L)	0–70	42.8±6.50	43.96±6.43	49.04±8.19	46.86±7.96	51.16±7.75	48.23±7.17
Cr (mg/dL)	0.61–1.04	0.83±0.02	1.08±0.06c	0.98±0.04c	0.98±0.04c	0.85±0.03	0.86±0.03
BUN (mg/dL)	6–20	16.73±1.01	18.94±1.02	23.38±1.17c	21.96±1.25c	16.58±0.94	16.61±1.03

Notes:

a Reference values are from the SRL Test Dictionary 2004.³⁵

b Mean ± standard error.

c Increased vs baseline (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: ID-Bil, indirect bilirubin; D-Bil, direct bilirubin; T-Bil, total bilirubin; CK, creatine kinase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; UA, uric acid; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; Cr, creatinine; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; SRL, Special Reference Laboratories.

Table 4 Changes in serum lipid parameters with adjustment of hemoglobin concentrations

	Reference valuesa	Baselineb	Day 1b	Day 2b	Day 3b	Day 5b	Day 7b
FFA (mEq/dL)	0.14–0.85	0.12±0.02	1.15±0.11c	1.85±0.16c	1.04±0.05c	0.58±0.12c	0.42±0.06
TG (mg/dL)	50–149	118.3±19.5	101.50±15.0	45.86±5.6d	39.53±4.7d	76.7±6.9	144.1±38.9
HDL-C (mg/dL)	40–86	81.00±4.3	85.83±5.0	88.18±5.4c	92.44±5.3c	89.46±4.8c	81.28±5.0
T-Chol (mg/dL)	150–219	210.6±6.4	219.50±6.88	197.20±7.60d	196.88±7.01d	202.88±6.71	196.67±8.20d

Notes:

a Reference values are from the SRL Test Dictionary 2004.³⁵

b Mean ± standard error.

c Increased vs baseline (P<0.03).

d Decreased vs baseline (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: FFA, free fatty acid; TG, triglyceride; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T-Chol, total cholesterol; SRL, Special Reference Laboratories.

Table 5 Changes in serum inflammation parameters with adjustment of hemoglobin concentrations

	Reference valuesa	Baselineb	Day 1b	Day 2b	Day 3b	Day 5b	Day 7b
WBC (/μL)	3,900–9,800	4,849.4±235.0	10,575.8±669.3c	11,823.3±817.2c	5,969.8±422.1	5,938.6±550.7	5,225.1±350.4
IL-6 (pg/mL)	0–4.0	0.77±0.26	26.52±5.05c	19.28±1.99c	3.35±0.96	6.53±4.16	1.40±0.38
CRP (mg/dL)	0–0.30	0.07±0.03	0.07±0.03	0.72±0.14c	1.45±0.29c	0.64±0.18	0.57±0.28
TNF-α (pg/mL)	0–5	0.91±0.06	0.95±0.09	0.84±0.06	0.95±0.08	0.98±0.07	1.15±0.17

Notes:

a Reference values are from the SRL Test Dictionary 2004.³⁵

b Mean ± standard error.

c Increased vs baseline (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: WBCs, white blood cells; IL-6, interleukin-6; CRP, C-reactive protein; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; SRL, Special Reference Laboratories.

Table 6 Changes in serum hormones with adjustment of hemoglobin concentrations

	Reference valuesa	Baselineb	Day 1b	Day 2b	Day 3b	Day 5b	Day 7b
Ad (pg/mL)	0–100	15.78±1.30	42.99±9.69d	50.92±13.95d	8.55±2.46	10.98±1.75	14.22±2.63
NorAd (pg/mL)	100–450	78.50±9.24	539.19±115.92d	533.16±141.33d	36.67±3.63	71.31±14.44	116.76±20.51
Dopamine (pg/dL)	0–20	12.22±3.23	209.78±102.12d	90.13±36.79	7.46±1.04	7.00±0.66	8.00±0.80
Cortisol (μg/dL)	7.1–15	16.62±0.95	20.12±2.18	24.57±2.25d	16.92±1.45	22.27±1.18d	21.19±0.89
Insulin (μU/mL)c	5.0–15	22.12±3.05	2.69±0.74e	2.58±0.43e	3.06±0.50e	3.46±0.37e	4.29±0.55e
Leptin (ng/mL)	0.9–13	2.44±0.13	2.53±0.19	1.86±0.10e	2.35±0.13	2.74±0.14	2.75±0.15
Adiponectin(μg/mL)	>4.0	10.89±1.18	11.63±1.39	11.91±1.58	11.25±1.37	12.48±1.45d	12.54±1.39d

Notes:

a Reference values are from the SRL Test Dictionary 2004.³⁵

b Mean ± standard error.

c Insulin levels elevated at baseline, and other day measurements stayed within the reference value range.

d Increased vs baseline (P<0.05).

e Decreased vs baseline (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: Ad, adrenaline; NorAd, noradrenaline; SRL, Special Reference Laboratories.

World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer ResearchFood, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global PerspectiveWashington, DCAmerican Institute for Cancer Research2007

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Special Reference LaboratorySpecial Reference Laboratory, Test DictionaryTokyo, JapanSpecial Reference Laboratory2004

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