Prevalence and factors associated with trachoma among children aged 1–9 years in Zala district, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the head of the household in Zala district from February 28 to March 26, 2014

Variable	Frequency (n=611)	Percentage
Sex
Male	138	22.6
Female	473	77.4
Educational status
Illiterate	326	53.4
Read and write	9	1.5
First cycle 1–4 grades	103	16.9
Second cycle 5–8 grades	109	17.8
Grade 9 and above	64	10.5
Marital status
Married	565	92.5
Divorced	19	3.1
Widowed	27	4.4
Occupation
Governmental worker	41	6.7
Farmer	372	60.9
Merchant	26	4.3
Housewife	165	27.0
Others	7	1.1
Place of residence
Urban	60	9.8
Rural	551	90.2
Family size
2–5	254	41.6
6–10	348	57.0
>10	9	1.5
Average monthly income
First quartile	144	23.6
Second quartile	155	25.4
Third quartile	134	21.9
Fourth quartile	178	29.1
Age of head of household (years)
17–30	54.0	54.0
31–45	43.0	43.0
46–65	2.9	2.9

Figure 1 Prevalence of trachoma in children aged 1–9 years in Zala district, Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia from February 28 to March 26, 2014.

Abbreviations: Comb, combination; TF, trachomatous follicle; TI, trachomatous intense.

Figure 2 Knowledge of heads of households (HHs) about trachoma in Zala district from February 28 to March 26, 2014.

Table 2 Household environmental factors of trachoma among children in Zala district from February 28 to March 26, 2014

Variable	Frequency (n=611)	%
Main source of water
Pipeline water	388	63.5
Protected well or spring	77	12.6
Unprotected well or spring	146	23.9
Time to fetch water (minutes)
≤30	364	59.6
>30	247	40.4
Amount of water collected by family (L)
<20	11	1.8
20–40	239	39.1
40–60	161	26.4
60–80	105	17.2
>80	95	15.5
Liter water/capita/head (L)
Below 4	217	35.5
4–8	243	39.8
>8	151	24.7
Latrine availability
Yes	585	95.7
No	26	4.3
Functional latrine
Yes	582	99.5
No	3	0.5
Type of latrine
Covered traditional pit latrine	194	33.2
Uncovered traditional pit latrine	391	66.8
Latrine to household distance (m)
≤10	330	54.0
>10	281	46.0
Frequency of latrine usage
Always	591	96.7
Sometimes or occasionally	20	3.3
Latrine usage
Only adult	100	16.4
Both adult and children	511	83.6
Presence of waste disposal
Yes	60	9.8
No	551	90.2
Type of waste disposal
Uncovered pit	37	60.7
Covered pit	15	24.6
Burn on pit	9	14.8
Distance of waste disposal (m)
≤10	189	30.9
>10	422	69.1
Flies observed
Yes	307	50.2
No	304	49.8
Flies breed
Yes	354	57.9
No	257	42.1
Fly breeding site
Animal dung	215	60.7
Open pit latrine	49	13.8
Decayed and rotted foods	90	25.4
Cooking place
In living room	180	29.5
On the field	69	11.3
Outside living room, its own place	362	59.2
Availability of windows in cooking room
Yes	19	3.1
No	592	96.9
Presence of animals
Yes	562	92.0
No	49	8.0
Animals sleeping location
Same room where the family lives	133	23.7
Living in house in separate room	23	4.1
Kept in a separate house	406	72.2
Animal dung
Yes	331	58.9
No	231	41.1
Animal sleeping location distance from family (m)
≤10	476	84.7
>10	86	15.3

Table 3 Child factor of trachoma among children in Zala district from February 28 to March 26, 2014

Variable	Frequency (n=611)	%
Sex
Male	286	46.8
Female	325	53.2
Age (years)
1–3	296	48.4
4–6	267	43.7
7–9	48	7.9
Number of preschool children
≤2	506	82.8
>2	105	17.2
Frequency of face washing
More than once a day	523	85.6
Once a day	43	7.0
Occasionally	45	7.4
Ocular discharge
Yes	102	16.7
No	509	83.3
Nasal discharge
Yes	109	17.8
No	502	82.2
Child education
Preschool child	557	91.2
Not attending school	27	4.4
Grade 1–3 attending school	27	4.4
Soap usage for face
Yes	582	95.3
No	29	4.7
Bathing child
Yes	602	98.5
No	9	1.5
Frequency of bathing
Sometimes	374	61.2
Always	237	38.8
Share towel
Yes	172	28.2
No	439	71.8
Flies present
Yes	63	10.3
No	548	89.7
Number of flies
1–3	29	46.0
4–7	23	36.5
>7	11	17.5
Child facial cleanliness
Clean	460	75.3
Unclean	151	24.7

Table 4 Multiple logistic regression predictors of trachoma among children aged 1–9 years in Zala district from February 28 to 26 March 2014

Variables	Trachoma statue		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Yes No (%)	No No (%)
Knowledge of trachoma
Inadequate knowledge	126 (56.2)	119 (30.7)	2.9 (2.06, 4.07)*	2.8 (1.9, 4.2)*
Adequate knowledge	98 (43.8)	268 (69.3)	1	1
Latrine distance (m)
≤10	134 (59.8)	196 (50.6)	1.5 (1.04, 2.02)*	1.6 (1.09, 2.4)*
>10	90 (40.2)	191 (49.4)	1	1
Number of preschool children
≤2	166 (74.1)	340 (87.9)	1	1
>2	58 (25.9)	47 (12.1)	2.5 (1.7, 3.9)*	2.2 (1.3, 3.7)*
Flies on face
Yes	53 (23.7)	10 (2.6)	11.7 (5.8, 23.5)*	6.3 (2.7, 14.7)*
No	171 (76.3)	377 (97.4)	1	1
Facial cleanliness
Clean	130 (58.0)	330 (85.3)	1	1
Unclean	94 (42.0)	57 (14.7)	4.2 (2.8, 6.2)*	2.4 (1.5, 3.9)*

Note:

* Significant at P≤0.05.

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; COR, Crude odds ratio.