Prevalence and factors associated with childhood visual impairment in Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=718)

Variables	n (%)
Sex
Male	389 (54.19)
Female	329 (45.81)
Age (years)
6–9	326 (45.40)
10–13	270 (37.61)
14–18	122 (16.99)
Family income (Ethiopian Birr)
<2,000	144 (20.06)
2,001–5,000	151 (21.03)
5,001–10,000	177 (24.65)
10,001–15,000	147 (20.47)
>15,000	99 (13.79)

Table 2 Sex distribution in different schools among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=718)

Variables	n (%)
Assay School
Male	91 (12.67)
Female	61 (8.50)
Medhanialem School
Male	112 (15.59)
Female	108 (15.04)
Nazareth School
Female	128 (17.83)
St Joseph School
Male	218 (30.36)

Figure 1 Visual impairment among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=718).

Table 3 Visual impairment among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=718)

Variables	Visual impairment
	Moderate	Severe	Total
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)
Sex
Male	12 (28.85)	10 (19.23)	22 (42.31)
Female	16 (30.77)	14 (26.92)	30 (57.69)
Age (years)
6–9	8 (15.39)	3 (5.77)	11 (21.15)
10–13	12 (23.08)	12 (23.08)	24 (46.16)
14–18	8 (15.39)	9 (17.31)	17 (32.69)
Family income (Ethiopian Birr)
<2,000	10 (19.23)	10 (19.23)	20 (38.46)
2,001–5,000	5 (9.62)	5 (9.62)	10 (19.23)
5,001–10,000	5 (9.62)	3 (4.77)	8 (15.39)
10,001–15,000	2 (3.85)	4 (7.69)	6 (11.54)
>15,000	5 (9.62)	2 (3.85)	7 (13.46)
Public school
Assay	8 (15.39)	7 (13.46)	15 (28.85)
Medhanialem	13 (25)	9 (17.31)	22 (42.31)
Private school
Nazareth	5 (9.62)	4 (7.69)	9 (17.31)
St Joseph	2 (3.85)	4 (7.69)	6 (11.54)

Table 4 Causes of visual impairment among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=37)

Variables	n (%)
Refractive error	26 (70.27)
Vitamin A deficiency	5 (13.15)
Corneal problem	3 (8.11)
Retinal disease	2 (5.41)
Amblyopia	1 (2.7)

Figure 2 Refractive errors among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=26).

Table 5 Determinant of visual impairment among school-age children in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, May 15 to June 14, 2016 (n=718)

Variables	Visual impairment		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
	Yes	No
Sex
Malea	22	367	1.00	1.00
Female	30	299	1.67 (0.95–2.96)b	2.28 (1.06–3.50)b
Age (years)
6–9a	11	315	1.00	1.00
10–13	24	246	2.79 (1.34–5.18)b	2.94 (1.36–6.22)b
14–18	17	105	4.64 (2.10–10.22)b	4.06 (2.17–11.95)b
School type
Publica	37	337	1.00	1.00
Private	15	329	2.41 (1.29–4.47)b	2.61 (1.81–4.41)b
Family income (Ethiopian Birr)
<2,000	20	124	0.46 (0.19–1.14)	1.27 (0.46–2.28)
2,001–5,000	11	140	0.95 (0.35–2.53)	0.93 (0.46–2.40)
5,001–10,000	8	167	1.55 (0.55–4.42)	1.32 (0.66–4.58)
10,001–15,000	6	141	1.75 (0.57–5.37)	1.72 (0.51–5.78)
>15,000a	7	94	1.00	1.00
Television exposure duration (hours/day)
<2a	6	39	1.00	1.00
2–4	32	429	2.06 (0.81–5.24)b	3.56 (1.37–7.34)b
>4	14	198	2.18 (0.79–6.01)	2.40 (0.79–6.21)
Television exposure distance (m)
<1	22	208	7.29 (1.69–31.53)b	7.65 (2.59–34.61)b
1–2	28	320	6.04 (1.42–25.70)b	6.89 (1.74–25.27)b
3–4a	2	138	1.00	1.00
Mobile exposure duration (hours/day)
<2	21	439	1.00	1.00
2–4	25	192	2.72 (1.49–4.98)b	2.61 (1.35–4.58)b
>4a	6	35	3.58 (1.36–9.46)b	3.05 (1.41–9.18)b
Medical visit
Yearlya	1	86	1.00	1.00
Symptoms seen	37	286	11.13 (1.50–82.28)b	11.32 (1.80–82.25)b
No visit	14	294	4.09 (0.53–31.58)b	3.84 (0.46–31.76)b

Notes:

a Reference category.

b Significant association.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.