Awareness and attitudes toward corneal donation: challenges and opportunities

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of article selection.

Table 1 Awareness of corneal donation and willingness to donate across 55 included studies

Study	Country	Subjects	Method	Awareness (%)	Willingness to donate (%)	Pledged donors (%)	Comments
Lawlor et al^Citation7	Australia	371 adults	Survey		59
Chu et al^Citation8	China	1,867 registered tissue donors and 1,796 resident controls	Survey	90.3 (registered tissue donors); 78.9 (resident controls)	82.2 (registered tissue donors); 45.1 (resident controls)
Wang et al^Citation9	China	430 adults in 12 randomly chosen communities in Guangzhou, southern China	Survey		40.7
Zhao et al^Citation10	China	1,072 residents of Chongqing, China	Survey		47.2	9.51	62.69% supported eye donation
Gelaw and Ambaw^Citation11	Ethiopia	403 health science students and academic university staff	Survey	81.8
Gessesse and Tilahun^Citation12	Ethiopia	492 adults in sampled housing units	Interview	30.9	57.9
Hussen et al^Citation13	Ethiopia	774 community-dwelling adults	Interview	57	38
Ackuaku-Dogbe and Abaidoo^Citation14	Ghana	536 eye patients at a tertiary center	Survey	8.4	59.9
Acharya et al^Citation15	India	208 medical and nonmedical staff of a tertiary eye institute in New Delhi	Survey	65.9	84.6
Ahirwar et al^Citation16	India	467 medical students	Survey	81.4	61.9
Amruth et al^Citation17	India	251 adult patients and their attendants at a primary health center in south India	Survey	36.6	51
Biswas et al^Citation18	India	1,525 secondary school students	Survey	81
Chacko et al^Citation19	India	100 adolescents at a pre-university college	Survey	70.5
Dandona et al^Citation20	India	2,522 urban adults of Hyderabad, India	Interview	73.8	44.9	1.9
Dhaliwal^Citation21	India	49 final-year medical students and 24 non-medical students of comparable age (controls)	Survey	79.6 (medical students), 87.5 (controls)	83.7 (medical students), 87.5 (controls)
Duggal et al^Citation22	India	2,000 adult residents of northwest India	Interview	70.5	52
Gupta et al^Citation23	India	188 first- and second-year nursing students in Bangalore	Survey	96.8	85.1
Gupta et al^Citation24	India	365 students between seventh and tenth grade	Survey	87	36		72% supported or strongly supported cornea donation
Khan et al^Citation25	India	154 outpatients at a tertiary hospital	Survey	86	61
Khandelwal and Katre^Citation26	India	300 healthcare providers at a tertiary care hospital	Survey	91	74.7
Krishnaiah et al^Citation27	India	7,775 residents of rural Andhra Pradesh ages 15 or greater	Interview	28	32.9	0.5
Kumar and Naik^Citation28	India	200 medical students	Survey	98.2	21.1
Kumar et al^Citation29	India	400 medical, nursing, and paramedical students in Bhopal	Survey	98	46.75
Lal et al^Citation30	India	340 health profession students	Survey	97.9	42.6
Magdum et al^Citation31	India	60 paramedical workers	Survey	75	77
Nekar et al^Citation32	India	403 students from 8 colleges	Survey	96	78.1
Panigrahi et al^Citation33	India	492 patients and their attendants awaiting an appointment at a tertiary ophthalmology department	Survey	57.9	54.6
Panigrahi et al^Citation34	India	262 medical and nursing students	Survey	85.9	64.5
Patil et al^Citation35	India	196 adults in rural India	Survey	80.6
Patil et al^Citation36	India	1,014 shopkeepers in urban Pune	Interview	74.16	19.83
Prabhu^Citation37	India	250 eye clinic patients	Survey	94.4	71.7	9.7
Priyadarshini et al^Citation38	India	507 adults in southern India	Interview	50.7
Ronanki et al^Citation39	India	355 stakeholders, defined as social services workers and kin of a cornea donor	Interview	93	82
Singh et al^Citation40	India	180 first-year medical students in Delhi	Survey	99.4	87.2
Tandon et al^Citation41	India	159 next of kin of recently deceased potential donors who had not previously pledged to donate their corneas	Interview	55.4	41.5
Tigga et al^Citation42	India	198 nursing and paramedical staff	Survey		21.71		39.39% scored adequately on knowledge of eye donation
Tiwari et al^Citation43	India	947 adults	Interview	62.3
Vallinayagam et al^Citation44	India	679 medical and engineering students	Survey	100	84.8	3.8
Vidusha and Manjunatha^Citation45	India	160 medical students in Bangalore	Survey	99.3		9
Bhandary et al^Citation46	Malaysia	400 patients attending outpatient appointment	Survey	69	34.4
Bharti et al^Citation47	Malaysia	400 university students studying health sciences	Survey	86	27
Arya et al^Citation48	Nepal	395 medical and paramedical staff of a medical institute	Survey	80.5	65.4
Joshi^Citation49	Nepal	1,775 rural Nepalis age 15 or older	Survey	30.7	32.9	0.1
Abadom et al^Citation50	Nigeria	108 medical doctors in Nigeria	Survey	75.9	33.3
Eze et al^Citation51	Nigeria	107 medical students, 75 environmental science students (controls)	Survey	47.7 (medical students), 33.3 (controls)	13.1 (medical students), 16.0 (controls)
Okoye et al^Citation52	Nigeria	131 final-year medical students at the University of Nigeria	Survey	79.4	33.6
Waziri-Erameh et al^Citation53	Nigeria	160 ophthalmologists in Nigeria	Survey		21
Ahmad et al^Citation54	Pakistan	200 medical students	Survey	75	70
Parvez et al^Citation55	Pakistan	1,520 urban Pakistanis	Survey	65.3	7.3	1.3
Bugis et al^Citation56	Saudi Arabia	374 residents of western Saudi Arabia	Survey	54.9	61.5
Hameed and Jadidy^Citation57	Saudi Arabia	408 medical students	Survey	35.8	21.1
Paraz et al^Citation58	Singapore	500 Singaporean youth ages 18 to 25	Survey	26.8	31.0 (46.8 undecided)
Yew et al^Citation59	Singapore	544 Singaporean adults at randomly selected housing units	Interview	80.7	67
Palamar et al^Citation60	Turkey	1,000 outpatients awaiting an appointment	Survey		54.7
Williams et al^Citation61	United States	207 patients awaiting an appointment at a tertiary eye center and 76 accompanying family members	Survey		90	11
	Total subjects:	38,851	Average:	71%	52%	5%

Table 2 Reasons cited for not being willing to donate or not being registered as an eye donor

Reasons	References
Modifiable reasons
Lack of awareness about eye donation or need for more information	^Citation13, ^Citation23, ^Citation26, ^Citation27, ^Citation33, ^Citation40, ^Citation51, ^Citation57, ^Citation58, ^Citation61
Feeling that one is too old or unhealthy to donate	^Citation23, ^Citation40, ^Citation51, ^Citation61
Nonmodifiable reasons
Desire to maintain body integrity after death	^Citation12, ^Citation22^–^Citation24, ^Citation39, ^Citation40, ^Citation48, ^Citation58, ^Citation59, ^Citation61
Concerns about family’s support of the decision to donate	^Citation13, ^Citation23, ^Citation24, ^Citation26, ^Citation39^–^Citation41, ^Citation58, ^Citation59, ^Citation61
Religious objections	^Citation13, ^Citation22, ^Citation39, ^Citation48, ^Citation51, ^Citation61
Refusal to discuss the issue	^Citation41

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