Epiretinal membrane and cystoid macular edema as predictive factors of recurrent proliferative vitreoretinopathy

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline sample characteristics (n=37)

Characteristics	Control group (n=27)		Recurrent PVR group (n=10)
	Mean (SD)	Frequency (%)	Mean (SD)	Frequency (%)
Preoperative factors
Age (years)	63.3 (13.7)		64.8 (6.6)
Sex
Male		16 (59.3)		4 (40.0)
Duration of RD symptoms (days)
≤14		15 (55.6)		8 (80.0)
>14		12 (44.4)		2 (20.0)
High myopia
Yes		9 (33.3)		6 (60.0)
No		18 (66.7)		4 (40.0)
RD involving macula
Yes		17 (63.0)		5 (50.0)
No		10 (37.0)		5 (50.0)
Postoperative factors
BCVA (LogMAR) at the last visit	0.9 (0.7)		1.3 (0.7)
>0.4		5 (18.5)		0 (0.0)
≤0.4		22 (81.5)		10 (100.0)
Final IOP (mmHg)	15.1 (3.9)		14.3 (8.9)
Follow-up (days)	386.3 (170.1)		318.5 (154.8)
Successful anatomical repair at the last visit
Yes		100 (100)		100 (100)
No		0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopahty; RD, retinal detachment; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity; IOP, intraocular pressure.

Table 2 Surgical details for the primary and the secondary surgeries for recurrent PVR and control groups

Details	Control group (n=27)		Recurrent PVR group (n=10)
	Primary surgery, n (%)	Secondary surgery, n (%)	Primary surgery, n (%)	Secondary surgery, n (%)
Surgical technique
Scleral buckle	1 (3.7)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Pars plana vitrectomy	8 (29.6)	16 (59.3)	5 (50.0)	6 (60.0)
Scleral buckle plus pars plana vitrectomy	18 (66.7)	11 (40.7)	5 (50.0)	4 (40.0)
Tamponade agent
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)	17 (63.0)	4 (14.8)	6 (60.0)	0 (0.0)
Octafluoropropane (C3F8)	8 (29.6)	5 (18.5)	4 (40.0)	4 (40.0)
Silicon oil	2 (7.4)	18 (66.7)	0 (0.0)	6 (60.0)
Pars plana vitrectomy gauge (g)
20	6 (22.2)	5 (18.5)	2 (20.0)	1 (10.0)
23	14 (51.9)	18 (66.7)	6 (60.0)	7 (70.0)
25	7 (25.9)	4 (14.8)	2 (20.0)	2 (20.0)

Abbreviation: PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Table 3 Complications after the primary and the secondary surgeries

Postoperative complications	Postprimary surgery		p-value	Postsecondary surgery		p-value
	Control group, n (%)	Recurrent PVR group, n (%)		Control group, n (%)	Recurrent PVR group, n (%)
Cystic macular edema	1 (3.7)	3 (30.0)	0.0522	2 (7.4)	4 (40.0)	0.0347
High intraocular pressure	0 (0.0)	1 (10.0)	0.2703	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Hypotony	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Vitreous hemorrhage	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		1 (3.7)	0 (0.0)	0.7297
Keratopathy	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)		0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)
Epiretinal membrane	10 (37.0)	2 (20.0)	0.4447	3 (11.1)	5 (50.0)	0.0191

Abbreviation: PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy.

Table 4 Univariate analysis: factors associated with recurrent PVR formation after the primary surgery for retinal detachment repair (n=37)

Variables	COR	p-value
Preoperative factors
Age (years)
>55	2.05 (0.21, 20.05)	0.5389
≤55	1.00
Sex
Female	2.18 (0.50, 9.58)	0.3015
Male	1.00
Cigarette smoking status
Previous or current	2.51 (0.53, 11.83)	0.2436
Never	1.00
Alcohol intake status
Previous or current alcohol intake	1.03 (0.24, 4.53)	0.9695
Never	1.00
Duration of RD symptoms (days)
>14	3.20 (0.57, 17.97)	0.1864
≤14	1.00
High myopia
Yes	3.00 (0.67, 13.40)	0.1503
No	1.00
RD involving macula
Yes	0.59 (0.14, 2.55)	0.4778
No	1.00
Location of retinal break(s)
Inferior 180° ± superior 180°	0.73 (0.15, 3.47)	0.6911
Superior 180°	1.00
Number of retinal break(s)
1	2.35 (0.42, 13.34)	0.3338
≥2	1.00
Lens status
Phakic	1.25 (0.29, 5.35)	0.7635
Pseudophakic	1.00
Lattice degeneration of operated eye
Yes	3.79 (0.41, 35.05)	0.2406
No	1.00
Lattice degeneration of contralateral eye
Yes	2.05 (0.21, 20.05)	0.5389
No	1.00
Large tear
Yes	3.13 (0.38, 25.92)	0.2911
No	1.00
Vitreous hemorrhage
Yes	5.35 (0.74, 38.64)	0.0959
No	1.00
BCVA (LogMAR)
>0.4	1.20 (0.27, 5.25)	0.8086
≤0.4	1.00
IOP (mmHg)
>15	1.58 (0.35, 7.17)	0.5511
≤15	1.00
Intraoperative factors
Surgical technique
Pars plana vitrectomy	2.38 (0.54, 10.53)	0.2551
Scleral buckle ± pars plana vitrectomy	1.00
Tamponade agent	n/a	n/a
Octafluoropropane (C3F8)
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)
Pars plana vitrectomy gauge (g)
20 or 23	1.40 (0.24, 8.24)	0.7099
25	1.00
Postprimary surgery
Cystic macular edema
Yes	1.89 (0.36, 9.97)	0.4551
No	1.00
Epiretinal membrane
Yes	2.35 (0.42, 13.34)	0.3338
No	1.00
Postsecondary surgery
Cystic macular edema
Yes	8.33 (1.23, 56.67)	0.0302
No	1.00
Epiretinal membrane
Yes	8.00 (1.43, 44.92)	0.0182
No	1.00

Abbreviations: PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy; COR, crude odds ratio; RD, retinal detachment.

Table 5 Multivariate analysis: factors associated with recurrent PVR formation after the primary surgery for retinal detachment repair (n=37)

Variables	AOR	p-value
Preoperative factors
Age (years)
>55	2.58 (0.16, 41.96)	0.0506
≤55	1.00
Sex
Female	2.74 (0.42, 17.73)	0.2905
Male	1.00
Postsecondary surgery
Cystic macular edema
Yes	5.13 (0.59, 44.40)	0.1372
No	1.00
Epiretinal membrane
Yes	8.20 (1.08, 62.40)	0.0422
No	1.00

Abbreviations: PVR, proliferative vitreoretinopathy; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.