Macular choroidal thickness in pregnant women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Figures & data

Figure 1 Measurements of choroidal thickness at 10 locations.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study and control groups

Clinical features	Nondiabetic group (n=27)	GDM group (n=15)	Type 2 DM group (n=16)	Type 1 DM group (n=14)	p-value
Age (years)	28.1 ± 7.0	31.9 ± 5.8	31.4 ± 6.0	28.1 ± 6.6	0.177a
Mean ± SD
Ethnicity, n (%)
Caucasian	25 (92.6)	10 (66.7)	13 (81.3)	13 (92.9)	0.209b
African-American	2 (7.4)	5 (33.3)	3 (18.8)	1 (7.1)
Gestational age (weeks)	33.3 ± 2.6	33.7 ± 3.19	32.0 ± 3.6	31.7 ± 3.0	0.183a
Mean ± SD
Time from DM diagnosis (years)			1.5 (0.9–4.5)	13.5 (5–20)	<0.001c
Median (P25–P75)
HbA1c (%)		5.7 ± 0.8a	6.6 ± 1.7a,b	7.4 ± 1.2b	0.006a
Mean ± SD
Hypertension, n (%)	0 (0)	2 (13.3)	6 (37.5)	0 (0)	0.001b
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%)			1 (6.3%)	6 (42.9%)	0.031d

Notes:

a Analysis of variance (ANOVA);

b Chi-squared test;

c Mann–Whitney test; a,b same letter does not differ from each other at a 5% of significance by Tukey test;

d Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus.

Table 2 Comparison of CT measurements of all groups; adjusted for the presence of hypertension

Location	Nondiabetic group (n=27), mean ± SE (µm)	GDM group (n=15), mean ± SE (µm)	Type 2 DM group (n=16), mean ± SE (µm)	Type 1 DM group (n=14), mean ± SE (µm)	p-value (adjusted for hypertension)
T5	250.9 ± 16.3a,b	260.2 ± 12.7b	242.4 ± 11.2a,b	212.7 ± 15.1a	0.049
T4	269.4 ± 18.0a,b	273.4 ± 15.4b	252.9 ± 12.1a,b	226.6 ± 14.1a	0.026
T3	277.8 ± 16.4b	283.5 ± 15.7b	274.9 ± 10.2a,b	232.2 ± 12.2a	0.007
T2	283.9 ± 17.7a,b	294.5 ± 16.7b	288.8 ± 12.2a,b	240.6 ± 14.7a	0.015
T1	287.1 ± 18.4a,b	304.8 ± 17.4b	304.3 ± 14.3a,b	248.2 ± 15.6a	0.014
SF	293.9 ± 19.0a,b	311.3 ± 19.6a,b	318.4 ± 14.0b	255.1 ± 15.5a	0.014
N1	267.2 ± 20.2	294.3 ± 23.4	291.7 ± 16.2	242.7 ± 16.3	0.067
N2	243.4 ± 19.0	274.3 ± 20.9	282.8 ± 14.9	231.7 ± 15.1	0.106
N3	217.6 ± 17.6	242.1 ± 18.7	257.2 ± 14.4	218.6 ± 14.7	0.338
N4	190.0 ± 15.6	222.9 ± 18.2	227.0 ± 12.6	191.5 ± 13.5	0.190

Note:

a,b Same letter does not differ from each other at a 5% of significance by GEE with Bonferroni adjustment.

Abbreviations: CT, choroidal thickness; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; N1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm nasal to the fovea; GEE, generalized estimating equations; N2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm nasal to the fovea; N3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm nasal to the fovea; N4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm nasal to the fovea; SF, choroidal thickness at the fovea; T1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm temporal to the fovea; T2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm temporal to the fovea; T4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T5, choroidal thickness at 2,500 µm temporal to the fovea.

Table 3 Comparison of CT measurements of pregnant patients with GDM, type 1 DM and type 2 DM, adjusted for HbA1c values and for the presence of hypertension

Location	GDM group (n=15), mean ± SE (µm)	Type 2 DM group (n=16), mean ± SE (µm)	Type 1 DM group (n=14), mean ± SE (µm)	p-value (adjusted for HbA1c and hypertension)
T5	271.5 ± 43.3b	243.5 ± 35.7b	209.4 ± 39.2a	0.002
T4	287.9 ± 47.7b	254.2 ± 38.6a,b	222.4 ± 42.5a	0.001
T3	397.6 ± 59.4b	276.4 ± 56.1b	227.9 ± 51.6a	<0.001
T2	311.7 ± 75.3b	290.4 ± 74.0b	235.5 ± 64.0a	0.001
T1	221.1 ± 77.3b	305.8 ± 76.7b	243.4 ± 66.0a	0.002
SF	327.1 ± 85.9b	319.9 ± 88.9b	250.4 ± 72.6a	0.005
N1	310.5 ± 104.6b	293.2 ± 106.1a,b	237.8 ± 86.1a	0.037
N2	284.1 ± 105.4	284.1 ± 107.4	228.5 ± 86.7	0.081
N3	248.7 ± 100.6	258.4 ± 100.5	216.4 ± 83.3	0.244
N4	223.8 ± 80.5	227.8 ± 77.4	190.8 ± 66.6	0.188

Note:

a,b Same letter does not differ from each other at a 5% of significance by GEE with Bonferroni adjustment.

Abbreviations: CT, choroidal thickness; DM, diabetes mellitus; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GEE, generalized estimating equations; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; N1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm nasal to the fovea; N2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm nasal to the fovea; N3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm nasal to the fovea; N4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm nasal to the fovea; SF, choroidal thickness at the fovea; T1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm temporal to the fovea; T2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm temporal to the fovea; T4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T5, choroidal thickness at 2,500 µm temporal to the fovea.

Table 4 Comparison of CT measurements of pregnant patients with type 1 DM and type 2 DM; adjusted for HbA1c values and the presence of hypertension

Location	Type 2 DM group (n=16), mean ± SE (µm)	Type 1 DM group (n=14), mean ± SE (µm)	p-value (adjusted for HbA1c, time of DM diagnosis and presence of diabetic retinopathy and hypertension)
T5	244.7 ± 86.5	211.2 ± 83.3	0.051
T4	255.6 ± 78.9	221.9 ± 76.2	0.026
T3	274.6 ± 87.8	234.8 ± 75.4	0.034
T2	287.8 ± 112.9	242.6 ± 95.8	0.047
T1	303.5 ± 117.6	248.0 ± 100.9	0.022
SF	320.8 ± 132.1	249.6 ± 110.2	0.007
N1	295.9 ± 155.4	240.3 ± 127.6	0.079
N2	285.2 ± 153.4	225.3 ± 126.9	0.053
N3	260.2 ± 153.9	206.1 ± 129.5	0.083
N4	220.8 ± 122.7	186.6 ± 101.9	0.199

Note: GEE with Bonferroni adjustment.

Abbreviations: CT, choroidal thickness; DM, diabetes mellitus; GEE, generalized estimating equations; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; N1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm nasal to the fovea; N2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm nasal to the fovea; N3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm nasal to the fovea; N4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm nasal to the fovea; SF, choroidal thickness at the fovea; T1, choroidal thickness at 500 µm temporal to the fovea; T2, choroidal thickness at 1,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T3, choroidal thickness at 1,500 µm temporal to the fovea; T4, choroidal thickness at 2,000 µm temporal to the fovea; T5, choroidal thickness at 2,500 µm temporal to the fovea.