Hospital-Based Ocular Trauma: Factors, Treatment, And Impact Outcome

Figures & data

Table 1 General Demographic And Patients’ Characteristics

General Demographic And Patients’ Characteristics Variables	Number	Percent (%)
	Mean ± SE
Sex
Male	85	75.9
Female	27	24.1
Age (y)	22.2 ± 1.9
Season
Winter	24	21.4
Spring	25	22.3
Summer	43	38.4
Autumn	20	17.9
Trauma causes
Occupational and home hazards	9	8.1
RTA	68	60.7
Gunshot	9	8.0
Violence	2	1.8
Falling down	15	13.4
Blast injury	5	4.5
Unknown	4	3.6
Medical status
Free	104	92.9
DM/HTN/IHD	8	7.1
Associated head and neck injury	84	75.0
Associated trunk injury	28	25.0
Associated limb injury	18	16.1
Right eye involvement	69	61.6
Left eye involvement	61	54.5
Both eyes involvement	18	16.1
Mechanism
Blunt trauma	81	72.3
Sharp	30	26.8
Chemical	1	0.9
Orbital Injury
Blow-anterior	10	8.9
Roof	12	10.7
Lateral	13	11.6
Medial	2	1.8
Combined	12	10.7
Eyelid Injury
Hematoma	59	52.7
Laceration	24	21.4
Globe injury
Anterior segment	6	5.4
Posterior segment	1	0.9
Both	13	11.7
Eyeball organs involvement
No involvement	45	40.2
One organ	32	28.6
Two or more organs	35	31.3
Corneal injury
Abrasion	24	21.4
Wound	12	10.7
Sclera injury	14	12.5
Subconjunctival hemorrhage	38	33.9
Hyphemia	12	10.7
Lens injury
Cataract	10	8.9
Dislocation	3	2.7
Iris injury
RAPD	15	13.4
Dialysis	3	2.7
Vitreous hemorrhage	10	8.9
Retina injury
Commotio	1	0.9
Retinal detachment	4	8.9
Duration of admission (days)	8.13 ± 0.9

Abbreviations: RAPD, relative afferent pupillary defect; RTA, road traffic accident; SE, standard error.

Table 2 Analysis Of Causes Of Trauma

Factors	Occupation And Home Hazards: N (%)	RTA: N (%)	Gunshots: N (%)	Falling: N (%)	Blast: N (%)	P value
Sex						NS
Male	8 (80)	54 (76.1)	9 (81.8)	10 (66.7)	4 (80)
Female	2 (20)	17 (23.9)	2 (18.2)	5 (33.3)	1 (20)
Associated head and injury	4 (40) ↓	61 (85.9) ↑	2 (18.2) ↓	13 (86.7)	4 (80)	0.0001
Associated trunk injury	0 (0)	21 (29.6)	2 (18.2)	5 (33.3)	0 (0)	NS
Mechanism						0.0001
Blunt	2 (20) ↓	64 (90.1) ↑	0 (0)	14 (93.3)	1 (20)
Sharp	7 (70)	7 (9.9)	11 (100) ↑	1 (6.7)	4 (80)
Chemical	1 (10)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Age (Mean, years)	54.0	23.3	27.6	10.7	14.8	0.001

Notes: ↑ Significantly greater than expected. ↓ Significantly less than expected.

Abbreviation: NS, not significant.

Table 3 Impact Of Trauma Of Eyeball Structures

Predictor Of Eyeball Injury	No Involvement N (% From Involvement)	One Structure Involvement N (% From Involvement)	Two Or More Structures Involvement N (% From Involvement)	P-value
Sex				NS
Male	30 (66.7)	25 (78.1)	30 (85.7)
Female	15 (33.3)	7 (21.9)	5 (14.3)
Causes of trauma				0.000
Occupational	1 (2.2)	1 (3.1)	2 (5.7)
RTA	31 (68.9)	27 (84.4) ↑	13 (37.1) ↓
Gunshot	0 (0.0) ↓	0 (0.0) ↓	11 (31.4) ↑
Home hazards	1 (2.2)	1 (3.1)	4 (11.4)
Fall down	12 (26.7) ↑	2 (6.3)	1 (2.9)
Blast	0 (0.0)	1 (3.1)	4 (11.4)
Associated head and neck injury				0.000
No	7 (15.6)	3 (9.4) ↓	18 (51.4) ↑
Yes	38 (84.4)	29 (90.6) ↑	17 (48.6) ↓
Associated Trunk injury				NS
No	32 (71.1)	24 (75.0)	28 (80.0)
Yes	13 (28.9)	8 (25.0)	7 (20.0)
Associated limbs injury				NS
No	38 (84.4)	26 (81.3)	30 (85.7)
Yes	7 (15.6)	6 (18.8)	5 (28.6)
Right eye	28 (62.2)	22 (68.8)	19 (54.3)	NS
Left eye	24 (53.3)	17 (53.1)	20 (57.1)	NS
Mechanism				0.000
Blunt	41 (91.1) ↑	28 (87.5) ↑	12 (34.3) ↓
Sharp	4 (8.9) ↓	3 (9.4) ↓	23 (65.7) ↑
Chemical	0 (0.0)	1 (3.1)	0 (0.0)

Notes: ↑ Significantly greater than expected. ↓ Significantly less than expected.

Abbreviations: RTA, road traffic accident; NS, not significant.