Predictors of Photic Phenomena with a Trifocal IOL

Figures & data

Table 1 Capsular Opacity and Vision Quality at 1 and 6 Months Post-Surgery and Refractive Parameters at 1 Month Post-Surgery

Parameters	N (%)	Mean	95% CI
Capsular opacity 1 month (n=140), yes	1 (0.7)	N/A	N/A
Capsular opacity 6 months (n=116), yes	7 (6.0)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence far 1 month (n=67), never	66 (98.5)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence intermediate 1 month (n=67), never	66 (98.5)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence near 1 month (n=67), never	65 (97.0)	N/A	N/A
Recommend surgery 1 month (n=67), yes	66 (98.5)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence far 6 months (n=58), never	57 (98.3)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence intermediate 6 months (n=58), never	58 (100.0)	N/A	N/A
Spectacle dependence near 6 months (n=58), never	57 (98.3)	N/A	N/A
Recommend surgery 6 months (n=58), yes	56 (96.6)	N/A	N/A
Vision quality far 1 month (n=63)	N/A	9.41	9.16–9.66
Vision quality intermediate 1 month (n=63)	N/A	9.75	9.61–9.88
Vision quality near 1 month (n=63)	N/A	9.52	9.29–9.74
Vision quality far 6 months (n=56)	N/A	9.25	9.00–9.50
Vision quality intermediate 6 months (n=57)	N/A	9.61	9.46–9.77
Vision quality near 6 months (n=56)	N/A	9.46	9.28–9.65
Sphere 1 month (n=138), D	N/A	0.09	0.04–0.14
Cylinder 1 month (n=138), D	N/A	−0.26	−0.29–(−0.22)
Spherical equivalent 1 month (n=138), D	N/A	−0.04	−0.09–0.02

Abbreviation: D, diopters.

Table 2 Glare and Halos at 6 Months Post-Surgery: Topography and Aberration Parameters

	Glare (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=21)	Mild (n=23)	Moderate (n=13)	Severe (n=1)	*p-value
Total spherical aberration	0.10; 0.04–0.17	0.10; 0.04–0.15	0.10; 0.04–0.16	N/A	0.881
Total coma	0.15; 0.10–0.19	0.15; 0.11–0.20	0.15; 0.08–0.21	N/A	0.634
Total trefoil	0.37; 0.22–0.53	0.24; 0.13–0.35	0.28; 0.14–0.42	N/A	0.130
Total HOA	0.51; 0.32–0.71	0.39; 0.27–0.51	0.40; 0.26–0.54	N/A	0.554
SRI	0.41; 0.34–0.48	0.40; 0.31–0.49	0.45; 0.30–0.60	N/A	0.608
IAI	0.44; 0.43–0.46	0.43; 0.42–0.45	0.45; 0.42–0.48	N/A	0.527
Corneal spherical aberration	0.13; 0.09–0.16	0.13; 0.10–0.17	0.11; 0.07–0.14	N/A	0.902
Corneal coma	0.13; 0.09–0.16	0.18; 0.12–0.25	0.13; 0.09–0.18	N/A	0.673
Corneal trefoil	0.17; 0.12–0.21	0.10; 0.07–0.13	0.11; 0.07–0.15	N/A	0.073
Corneal HOA	0.27; 0.21–0.33	0.26; 0.20–0.33	0.23; 0.17–0.29	N/A	0.683
	Halos (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=27)	Mild (n=22)	Moderate (n=9)	Severe (n=0)	*p-value
Total spherical aberration	0.09; 0.04–0.14	0.10; 0.04–0.15	0.13; 0.03–0.23	N/A	0.450
Total coma	0.13; 0.10–0.16	0.18; 0.12–0.23	0.15; 0.06–0.23	N/A	0.418
Total trefoil	0.28; 0.21–0.35	0.32; 0.15–0.49	0.29; 0.09–0.48	N/A	0.725
Total HOA	0.39; 0.31–0.47	0.50; 0.29–0.70	0.47; 0.24–0.69	N/A	0.661
SRI	0.40; 0.33–0.48	0.43; 0.34–0.52	0.39; 0.23–0.54	N/A	0.887
IAI	0.44; 0.43–0.45	0.44; 0.42–0.46	0.44; 0.40–0.47	N/A	0.983
Corneal spherical aberration	0.11; 0.09–0.14	0.14; 0.11–0.17	0.12; 0.04–0.20	N/A	0.439
Corneal coma	0.11; 0.09–0.13*	0.21; 0.14–0.27*	0.13; 0.05–0.21	N/A	0.002
Corneal trefoil	0.14; 0.10–0.18	0.12; 0.08–0.16	0.09; 0.06–0.13	N/A	0.570
Corneal HOA	0.24; 0.20–0.28	0.30; 0.23–0.36	0.22; 0.10–0.33	N/A	0.197

Notes: All values presented as mean; 95% Confidence Interval for mean; Significant p-values are shown in bold; *Kruskal–Wallis test adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Abbreviations: HOA, higher order aberrations; SRI, corneal surface regularity index; IAI, corneal irregular astigmatism index.

Table 3 Glare and Halos at 6 Months Post-Surgery: Pre-Operative Biometry Parameters

	Glare (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=21)	Mild (n=23)	Moderate (n=13)	Severe (n=1)	*p-value
Average K	43.99; 43.33–44.65	43.81; 42.98–44.64	43.97; 43.06–44.87	N/A	0.944
K astigmatism	0.66; 0.48–0.85	0.59; 0.46–0.72	0.96; 0.51–1.40	N/A	0.541
AL	23.33; 22.83–23.83	23.90; 23.42–24.38	23.59; 22.88–24.30	N/A	0.217
ACD	3.24; 3.06–3.42	3.25; 3.07–3.43	3.22; 2.99–3.44	N/A	0.978
Sphere	0.04; −0.74–0.81	−0.18; −1.62–1.25	0.75; −0.72–2.12	N/A	0.342
Lens thickness	4.24; 3.99–4.49	4.35; 4.15–4.54	4.56; 4.32–4.79	N/A	0.279
chord μ	0.25; 0.18–0.31	0.26; 0.19–0.33	0.29; 0.18–0.41	N/A	0.525
	Halos (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=27)	Mild (n=22)	Moderate (n=9)	Severe (n=0)	*p-value
Average K	43.87; 43.19–44.55	43.89; 43.19–44.59	44.19; 43.04–45.34	N/A	0.498
K astigmatism	0.75; 0.54–0.95	0.64; 0.41–0.86	0.71; 0.42–1.01	N/A	0.500
AL	23.63; 23.16–24.10	23.43; 23.01–23.85	23.92; 22.84–25.00	N/A	0.569
ACD	3.22; 3.07–3.38	3.21; 3.06–3.36	3.32; 2.93–3.71	N/A	0.839
Sphere	0.07; −0.93–1.08	0.51; −0.66–1.68	−0.53; −2.51–1.46	N/A	0.469
Lens thickness	4.36; 4.17–4.56	4.39; 4.19–4.58	4.33; 3.92–4.74	N/A	0.978
chord μ	0.25; 0.20–0.29	0.32; 0.24–0.40	0.21; 0.06–0.36	N/A	0.138

Notes: All values presented as mean; 95% Confidence Interval for mean; *Kruskal–Wallis test adjusted for multiple comparisons.

Abbreviations: AL, axial length; ACD, anterior chamber depth.

Table 4 Glare and Halos at 6 Months Post-Surgery: Refractive and Visual Acuity Parameters

	Glare (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=21)	Mild (n=23)	Moderate (n=13)	Severe (n=1)	p-value
Pre-op seq	−0.33; −1.13–0.47	−0.46; −1.91–0.99	0.35; −1.04–1.73	N/A	0.308
Pre-op BCVA	0.21; 0.14–0.28*/**	0.12; 0.05–0.20*	0.04; −0.02–0.10**	N/A	*0.004/**<0.001
1 month refraction	−0.21; −0.32 – −0.10	−0.27; −0.36 – −0.19	−0.27; −0.41 – −0.13	N/A	0.610
1 month seq	0.02; −0.13–0.18	−0.17; −0.28 – −0.06*	0.09; −0.10–0.29*	N/A	*0.001
1 month BCVA	0.01; −0.02–0.03	0.00; −0.02–0.01	−0.01; −0.03–0.01	N/A	0.942
1 month UCVA	0.04; −0.01–0.08	0.02; −0.01–0.04	0.05; −0.01–0.11	N/A	0.561
	Halos (n=58)
Parameters	None (n=27)	Mild (n=22)	Moderate (n=9)	Severe (n=0)	p-value
Pre-op seq	−0.29; −1.28–0.70	0.18; −1.02–1.38	−0.79; −2.89–1.30	N/A	0.549
Pre-op BCVA	0.20; 0.13–0.27*	0.12; 0.06–0.18**	0.00; −0.07–0.08*/**	N/A	*<0.001/**0.009
1 month refraction	−0.20; −0.27 – −0.13	−0.30; −0.41 – −0.18	−0.28; −0.43 – −0.13	N/A	0.400
1 month seq	0.00; −0.12–0.13	−0.14; −0.26 – −0.01	0.03; −0.25–0.31	N/A	0.171
1 month BCVA	0.01; −0.01–0.03	−0.01; −0.02–0.00	−0.01; −0.04–0.01	N/A	0.410
1 month UCVA	0.05; 0.01–0.08	0.01; −0.01–0.03	0.03; −0.05–0.12	N/A	0.415

Notes: All values presented as mean; 95% Confidence Interval for mean; p-values from Kruskal–Wallis test adjusted for multiple comparisons. Significant p-values are shown in bold; *Groups significantly different from each other; **Groups significantly different from each other.

Abbreviations: seq, spherical equivalent; pre-op, pre-operative; BCVA, best-corrected visual acuity in LogMAR; UCVA, uncorrected visual acuity in LogMAR.

Figure 1 Percentage of patients with glare over time. */**p=0.001. p=ns between time points.

Figure 2 Percentage of patients with halos over time. */**p=0.002. p=ns between time points.